Diagnosis and Treatment of Anxiety Disorder

Table of Contents Abstract Research questions Introduction Diagnosis of Anxiety disorder Treatment of Anxiety Disorder Conclusion References Abstract Anxiety disorder is a psychological problem in individuals who are known to worry too much and have fears that are unrealistic. These disorders have been known to cause diverse psychological and physical damage.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Diagnosis and Treatment of Anxiety Disorder specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The classifications of anxiety disorder include the phobias, the generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, agoraphobia, social anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, separation anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder. Each of these disorders has different symptoms and treatment procedures.Research indicates that diagnosis of the disorders may be difficult since the symptoms overlap with other common ailments. However, var ious treatment interventions exist. The use of cognitive-behavioural therapy such as the use of talk therapy is very effective. The therapist tries to unearth the causes of such anxieties and fears and helps the patient realize that it was exaggerated and unrealistic. The use of medication such as the SSRIs is also effective. However, some have adverse side effects. Research questions I. What is the diagnosis of anxiety disorder? II. What treatment interventions are available for anxiety disorder?Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Introduction The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) provides information about anxiety disorder as it relates to the course, Abnormal Psychology (Butcher, Mineria, Hooley, 2007). It has been defined as the various forms of the psychiatric disorders that involve the repetitive focus on symptoms of distress, worrying, being un easy and worrying about what will happen in the future. This fear about what the future holds may be based on facts or imaginary things. There are other medical conditions that may imitate and be misdiagnosed as anxiety disorder. One of them includes hyperthyroidism. This disorder is unhealthy to any human since it may negatively affect the psychological and physical health of the individual. Anxiety disorder is like a disease that requires proper diagnosis and prompt treatment. There are several psychosocial causes of this disorder. Some causes are genetic by nature. The persons who have been diagnosed with the disorder may be classified into two groups. The first classification is the group of individuals who are experiencing continuous symptoms. The other classification consists of individuals whose symptoms only seem to occur episodically. According to research, there are several types of anxiety disorders. Research also indicates that at least one of the disorders affects about 20% of Americans and approximately 15% of Europeans (Kessler, Chiu, Demler, Merikangas, Walters, 2005).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Diagnosis and Treatment of Anxiety Disorder specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More When one is said to be anxious, the individual may be going through one or more of the four experiences. These include dissociative anxiety, tension, apprehension or certain physical signs. Anxiety disorder may be divided into three broad categories. They include panic, phobic and generalized anxiety disorders. All of these disorders have their different symptoms and each requires a different intervention (Gelder, Mayou, Geddes, 2005). The individual suffering from an anxiety disorder experiences diverse emotions of different capacities. Some may experience simple nervousness (Barker, 2003). However, others may have bouts of terror. This paper will examine the Axis 1 diagnosis of Anxiety Dis order and assess some of the available therapies and medication. Diagnosis of Anxiety disorder In most cases, the terms anxiety and fear are used to mean the same thing. However, clinically, the two words have two distinct meanings. The term anxiety is used to mean the uncomfortable state of mind whose cause is not known and is thought to be beyond the individual’s control. On the other hand, the term fear is the way in which an individual responds in the presence of a known threat. Anxiety disorder involves the presence of both fear and anxiety. Nurses and medical practitioners use different methods to diagnose anxiety disorder. These tools usually detect the anxiety symptoms. One of these tools includes the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In some areas, the Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale is used. The individual suffering from this disorder requires undergoing physical and medical examination and their personal history examined. This may be necessary in order to ensure that the individual is not suffering from unrelated ailments. In children, it may be difficult to diagnose the condition because it usually causes disruptive behaviours, which may be misdiagnosed as attention-deficit hyperactivity or other similar disorders. Anxiety disorders may be put into different classifications, each with different symptoms and diagnoses. The classifications include the generalized anxiety disorder, phobic disorder, panic disorder, agoraphobia, social anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder and separation disorder (American Psychiatric Association [APA], (2000). A person suffering from generalized anxiety disorder normally worries a lot and may be excessively anxious. This anxiety and worryi ng may be about things such as employment or school performance. The individual would normally find it difficult controlling these feelings. Some physical symptoms include irritability, fatigue, sleep disorder and muscle tension. Individuals suffering from an anxiety disorder would have distress and their social and occupational skills would be impaired. Phobias are triggered by particular stimulus and situations. This is usually a fear of something and it is usually exaggerated since the potential danger of the fear may be minimal. For example, others fear insects such as the butterfly. Panic disorder may cause a brief attack of great terror. The individual may start shaking and trembling. Others appear confused. Others have difficulty in breathing during such occasions. Agoraphobia is the situation where an individual feels cornered and has no place for escape. Such a person would constantly watch around in search of a place of refuge or escape. Social anxiety disorder is a disord er that has to do with social behaviour in public areas. Such individuals usually fear and avoid being negatively scrutinized by the public. They also avoid public embarrassment and humiliation. Such individuals usually avoid social interactions due to these fears. Manifestations of this disorder include blushing. Some have difficulty speaking. Obsessive-compulsive disorder is a situation where one is repetitively obsessed about something that makes the person to feel like performing certain activities or rituals. Research estimates that about 3% of people in the world are affected by this disorder. Post-traumatic stress disorder may occur when one passes through a frightening experience. Examples of traumatizing experiences include natural disasters, rape, being in a hostage situation, bullying or accidents, among other similar situations. Such individuals are hyper-vigilant and usually show certain avoidance behaviours. Anger, depression and anger are other symptoms that need to b e observed during diagnosis (American Psychiatric Association [APA], (2000). Anxiety disorder is also usually associated with other mental disorders and some occur to as many as 60% of all individuals with the disorder. Such disorders include clinical depression. The symptoms of depression and anxiety are similar in many respects and similar environmental conditions may lead to symptoms in both cases. They may even overlap and this explains why both of these medical conditions may coexist. It has also been argued that sexual dysfunction may be a result of anxiety disorder. When this occurs in men, some tend to avoid sexual intercourse all together. Some may show signs such as premature ejaculation or erectile dysfunction. In women, these conditions may cause pain during intercourse. It is mainly common among those affected by posttraumatic stress disorder and panic disorder. There is the fear of the possibility of panic attack occurring during arousal. Treatment of Anxiety Disorder Research has shown that early diagnosis and treatment of anxiety disorder is most beneficial (Barker, 2003). The condition may remain unrecognized during most of the stages. If some symptoms are present, the condition may be under-recognized. In most cases, victims show up for treatment after complications have shown. Such complications include depression and drug abuse. There are a number of treatment options that are available. One of them includes lifestyle change. Psychotherapy may be provided to the victim. In particular, cognitive behavioural therapy is useful. Pharmaceutical therapy is also available and effective. Other types of therapies that may be used include humanistic-experiential therapy, behavioural therapy and psychodynamic-therapy. In psychotherapy, talk therapy has been said to be an efficient way of treating individuals with anxiety disorder. This involves having conversations between the patient and the therapist in order to help the patient to ease their anxiet y. These talks help the patient to air out some of his or her fears, stresses and anxieties to the therapist. During the session, the therapist would educate the client, help in solving the issue, and ensure healing. These sessions may go for short periods or they may be lengthy. Research has shown that talk therapy and other forms of cognitive-behavioural therapy are very effective for such disorders as phobias and panic disorder. This therapy consists of two main objectives. These include fostering behavioural and cognitive change. Cognitive change could be achieved by helping the clients to see that it is not obvious that the public is always watching and judging them. Fostering behavioural change may be done through trying to change the way those people react to situation that might provoke anxiety. These people are provided with proof that such thoughts are not realistic in the real world. The use of medication may also be useful for persons suffering from an anxiety disorder. One of the recommended types includes the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Side effects may include nausea and headache, among others. However, these effects only occur during the first few weeks of use. Thereafter, the body adjusts to the medication. The atypical antipsychotic quetiapine has also been used effectively in the treatment of anxiety disorder. However, its side effects surpass those associated with SSRIs. Conclusion Anxiety disorder is a psychological disorder that is associated with various behaviours and thought patterns that are not usual. The persons suffering from this disorder may worry too much or have fears and anxieties. It may be further classified into panic disorder, phobic disorders and generalized anxiety disorder. All these disorders have different symptoms, which require different interventions. Early diagnosis of anxiety disorder is important since it could be treated before it reaches advanced stages. However, it is difficult to diagnos e other disorders early enough and this would require extra attention at later stages. Treatment is available for anxiety disorder. The two major types include therapy and medication. Cognitive-behavioural therapy is effective for such cases. This includes the use of talk therapy, which seeks to change the patient’s way of thinking. Drugs such as the SSRIs have also been used successfully and are recommended. References American Psychiatric Association [APA]. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorder: DSM-IV-TR. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. Barker, P. (2003). Psychiatric and mental health nursing: the craft of caring. London: Arnold. Butcher, J.N., Mineria, S., Hooley, J. (2007). Abnormal Psychology (15th ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Education. Gelder, M., Mayou, R., Geddes, J. Psychiatry. (2005). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Kessler, R.C., Chiu, W.T., Demler, O., Merikangas, K.R., Walters, E.E. (2005). Prevalence, severity, and com orbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 62(6), 617–627. This research paper on Diagnosis and Treatment of Anxiety Disorder was written and submitted by user Logan Chan to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Funny Satirical Essay Topics For Teaching Moral Integrity

Funny Satirical Essay Topics For Teaching Moral IntegrityFunny satirical essay topics are in demand these days. Students love to read what can be found in the internet.Funny essays are an enjoyable way to pass the time and take an interesting look at the world around us. The most fascinating thing about them is that they also have a place in higher education. With the number of students being obsessed with the internet and their ability to search anything, there is a possibility that the demand for good-humored satirical essays will be increased in the near future.Funny essays have a myriad of uses. They are great for advanced education as it adds to your knowledge base. As the instructor will not have to worry about inculcating the material and the student would have the luxury of exploring the topic on his own time. The best part is that you do not need to be in the middle of a class session to enjoy the benefits of a funny article.It is great when used for enhancing lesson plans. If you have a class on the democratic process, you could include an essay discussing on the features of the democratic election process in order to educate the students about how the electoral process works. The same would apply to your upper level courses.An important use of humorous topics is for creating discussion. It could make one's point worth while for you and may make them think about the topic for a few minutes. In addition, they can make for good study materials as the students would be open to your message if you intend to discuss a subject in a different light.The humor of a joke is one of the things that can transform a basic academic essay into a novel. The things that make the student take notice of the essay are its wit and style. It could give them an opportunity to see the topic in a different light. The things that are funny and make one feel comfortable are those that are unexpected and uncomplicated.Satire has always been the ultimate weapon in the battle betwe en good and evil. It is one of the ways in which humans destroy their own moral integrity. It is usually considered as an effective way to teach morals but it does not stop there. As long as it remains a very powerful weapon, even the Western world can benefit from it.

Living On the Moon essays

Living On the Moon essays You will never know how much you really miss Earth until you actually live on the moon. First of all, you have to get use to the idea of nearly zero gravity, which can take a toll on an weak stomach. Then, one must get accustomed to the whole bathing and bathroom routine, which can also be difficult at times. And finally, nothing beats a warm walk in the park with the chattering of insects and the pleasant whistling of birds. Life... is what you will miss the most when traveling to such a desolate, waterless, desert of nothingness. To say the least, my stay was life changing. Why wouldnt it be? Standing on the lunar surface of the moon, thousands of miles from squirrels, trees, mom, etc., one can take in life and all its beauty and appreciate what we are as humans. One learns to breathe in life like it were his last when standing in the plexiglass dome, looking up at the magnificent heavens from above. No one really knows where the road for exploration will end in this day and age. While living in the lunar colony, one must also realize how easily it is to travel from place to place. On Earth, one could easily drive their car, take a train, or flight. But on the moon, none of those necessities have been developed. You have to live in the same surroundings for however long you plan to stay. Since you would be living under the roof of this magnificent display of technology and architecture, it would be hard to leave it and explore into the almost vacuum-like world of the moon. Restaurants on Earth are the places that spoil us most when trying to accustom oneself to the likes of the cafeteria food. Of course there will be restaurants to pop up on the colony later, but that will be a while. You should probably take this into account if you plan to stay for a long period of time because living on the moon is nothing like living on Earth. It is a feat in itself that we ever made it back to the moon to claim ...

Laughter in The Heptameron (Navarre) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Laughter in The Heptameron (Navarre) - Essay Example In First Day, Story One, humor can be found in the way the wife of St. Aignan juggled her husband, the Bishop of Ses and Du Mesnil as her lovers. Navarre used the woman's servant to show the serving lady's critique on her mistress' sexual morality when she wrote; 'The good woman felt sorry for him (Du Mesnil). There he was, a good-looking, well-bred young man, so much in love, and so badly treated in return!' (Navarre 72). It could be noted that Navarre did not directly criticize the seemingly lack of sexual morality in her characters. The servant was her mouthpiece to point out the fact that Du Mesnil had no moral sexuality in pursuing her mistress. He was described as 'good-looking' and decidedly capable of finding suitable, eligible love interests. Since he chose to indulge in a married woman, he was partly responsible for the treatment he received when he had no access to his married lover. Du Mesnil had been made the comic fool by his persistent trust in the woman. He fell into her trap and was slain by St. Aignan's servants. It was funny how the wronged and weak brought destruction upon themselves. Navarre used a combination of dialogue and narrative to show showed how gullible Du Mesnil was; 'Off he went, never dreaming that she was planning to trap him, while she took his servant back to her house and gave him some supper.' (Navarre 73). It was not a surprise that the woman who lacked sexual morality was also lacking in moral scruples. The weak St. Aignan made a fool of himself when we read that he showed off his pretended valor when; 'he thrust his dagger a dozen or so times into the body of the man on whom he would never have dared lay a finger had he been alive.' (Navarre 74). St. Aignan made a comical figure with his false bravery. It was a critique on the weak huaband who could not comment nor do anything on his wife's moral sexuality while his Du Mesnil was alive. It was comical how events did not turn out the way the characters planned them. St. Aignan planned to get rid of his wife. Navarre's narration said that he made a wax doll to cast a spell of ill will on her because he felt that; 'It was she who was at the bottom of all this trouble, and he was quite certain she would never renounce her wicked ways.' (Navarre 77). He had no sexual morality because he did not want to preserve the sexual relations that bond him to his wife. The same could be said about the woman. She wanted to rid herself of the restriction that imposed sexual morality on her so she devised her own measures to save her skin while condemning her husband. Although she did get past criminal jurisdiction for her wickedness, she did not enjoy a good life thereafter. At the end of the story, Navarre revealed that the story teller was Simontaut, whose objective was to chastise women who lacked sexual morality. Navarre incorporated the critique on sexual morality in the form of a witty exchange amongst her story tellers, Simontaut, Parlamente and Oisille. Sinc e this story was a moral condemnation of a woman's marital infidelity, Navarre had set the stage for the next story teller, Oisille, who said she was compelled to tell a story to contrast with this and redeem the virtues of good women with good sexual morality. (Navarre 71-78).

Mona Lisa Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mona Lisa - Essay Example There is a general consensus among historians that the Mona Lisa was done between 1503 and 1519. The painting was requested by Francesco Del Giocondo, the subject’s husband and a rich silk merchant. Lisa Gherardin, who was Giocondo’s wife, came from a prominent family. The Mona Lisa is thought to have been painted to celebrate the completion of the couple’s house in 1503 and to mark the birth of Andrea, the couple’s second son, in 1502.The identity of the portrait had been a subject of speculations but in 2005, its real identity was discovered(Earls 113). The Mona Lisa is a half length portrait of a beautiful lady. The lady’s hair is covered by a delicate dark cloak. During renaissance period, a dark veil was considered a mourning veil and may have been representing the subject’s mourning of her daughter who died in 1549.Her clothing is simple. The scarp that is wrapped around her shoulders, the pleated gown and the yellow sleeve do not show any signs of nobility. The Mona Lisa was painted basing on a realistic scale. The portrait is half length and the woman is presented from the head to the waist. She is sitting in an arm chair while her left arm is resting on the chair’s arm. The arm of the chair is situated in front of loggia, which is characterized by two fragmentary pillars that form the frame of the figure and form a window that faces the background. The aesthetic nature of this artwork highlights the influence of Lombard and Florentine art of the late 15th century and early 16th century. Aspects of artwork such as the architectural settings, hands put together in the forefront, and the view of the portrait against the landscape were common in Flemish portraits of the late 15th century. However, Leornardo managed to introduce several unique and special features in The Mona Lisa. The new features are the sheer equilibrium of the painting, the monumentality, and the atmospheric illusionism exhibited by the M ona Lisa (Kemp 79). The Mona Lisa is a unique oil painting whose surface consists of cotton wood panel unlike most of the paintings that were done by other artists during Leonardo’s period, which were commonly commissioned as oil on canvas. Actually, the use of cotton wood panel as the surface of the Mona Lisa is one of the factors that have been attributed to its fame. In addition, the cotton wood panel medium has contributed to its durability. The Mona Lisa has survived for six centuries without any alteration or repair, a factor that makes it different from other artworks. Although most of renaissance period artworks denoted biblical themes, the Mona Lisa did not portray any religious theme but was created to mark Giocondo’s achievements (Earls 114).The painting shows Leornardo’s mastery of using identifiable marks when presenting his artwork. The use of shadowing technique at the corners of the eyes and lips gives the portrait a look of a delight and lifelik e appearance. Leornado also developed a background that had attractive scenery and an aerial view. The technique used by Leornado when painting did not leave

The recession & economy Essay Example for Free

The recession economy Essay In order to understand the recession that the economy is going through, it is important for us to take note of the meaning of debts in the corporate world. We can look at the stock market as a big debt market where people buying stocks are in effect â€Å"loaning† money to companies for them to use. Of course, the rate of return of these loans is different from the typical kind as the stock buyer can gain or lose significantly based on the company’s future capacity to pay. Therefore it is intuitive to say that if buyers fear that they would not gain from buying stocks, they would have no reason to do so. As Cook reports, this is precisely the situation where the United States Economy is in at the moment. Government and corporate spending has reached an alarming rate investors no longer believe that their debts can be repaid (Cook). Furthermore, Cook explains that the boom of the market in China and the perpetual pull of Middle Eastern oil magnates have added to the U. S. economic strain. When put together, these are what make the components of the current economic recession. To solve such a vast problem, it is important to go to the source: money. Giving tax cuts would not solve the problem simply because even if interests are down, the public doesn’t have faith in the economy enough to invest. In fact, the Federal Reserve has just recently tried this and it proved to be a very temporary solution. Government spending is just way too high and we are not getting any returns from places where we are spending money the most, Iraq. Unfortunately from an investor’s point of view, backing out of Iraq seems to be a losing bargain. According to Gordon (27), we have simply invested too much into it to get nothing in return. My solution would be to step up operations in extinguishing all rebel forces. As soon as this is done, we can start forging economic alliances that could tie the Iraqi oil reserves to our economy. Oil-rich middle and southern Iraq could greatly increase our economic position and jolt the market back to life. I believe that this is the best way to solve the problem. Works Cited Gordon, Thomas. The Economics of the Iraq Post-War Occupation. Rudyard Books, N. Y: 2006 Cook, Robert. It’s Official: The Crash of the U. S. Economy has begun. Global Research Jun 14, 2007, Jan 25 2008 http://www. globalresearch. ca/index. php? context=vaaid=5964

Black Holes Essay -- physics science black hole

When a star "dies" it can do many different things. It can form a neutron star, expand to a red giant and shrink into a white dwarf, or sometimes collapse upon itself to form a black hole. This is mostly dependent on the density of the star. When massive stars, those twenty times the mass of our Sun or more die, they must either exhaust all of their excess mass or implode upon themselves and form black holes. Gravity overwhelms even the nuclear forces. The gravitational force becomes so strong that nothing can escape it, even photons of light, hence the name "black" hole. It is believed that large black holes may exist at the center of our galaxy as well as others. The massive gravitational force that they exert would be enough to keep the body of the galaxy in orbit. A black hole consists of a few key things. The singularity is the center of the black hole, the point at which the matter is being compressed into a massive density. The event horizon is the point at which not even photons of light can escape the tremendous gravitational pull of the black hole. This makes it hard ...