All Agreements Are Contracts Essay

1. Introduction Dear students, welcome to the lecture series on Business Regulatory Frame Work. Today we are going to discuss the Indian Contract Act 1872. Before I start my discussion on the contract, I would like to make you aware that the Indian Contract Act 1872 came enforced on the 1st day of the September 1872. It is applicable to whole of the country except the State Jammu & Kashmir. The course related to the law is designed to impart the knowledge to the student so that they are acquaint with the general principles of the law. As you know in our day to day life we come across number of contracts but we are not aware about them. When we board a bus or when we go to see a movie or we lend away book to our friend or when we are depositing the luggage in the railway clock room, the law comes in the picture without understanding the law we will not be able to understand what are the rights and the obligation granted to the individuals. The objective of this course is to provide a brief idea about the frame work of the Indian Business Law. 2. Agreement and Contract Now we will start our discussion on the Indian Contract Act. First of all we should understand what is a contract? Apart from the legal definition if we generally understand the word Contract then we can say that a contract comes into the picture when there is an agreement and when the agreement become enforceable it become a contract. There are two words Agreement and Contract. What is an agreement? Agreement itself comes in the picture when there is an offer and acceptance. Now again if we go into the details of this offer and acceptance then we find that offer is an expression of the desire by one party in front of the other party to do something or not to do something is an offer. Suppose ‘A’ says to the ‘B’ that I would like to sell my car to you in fifty thousand rupees, will you buy? Now here ‘A’ is expressing his desire to the ‘B’ to sell his car so that ‘B’ buy’s it. So offer has to be there and in that offer if there is an acceptance then it becomes an agreement and suppose in the same example ‘B’ says that YES he would like to Page 1 of 9  buy the car of the ‘A’ then it becomes an agreement. Now when there is an  offer and acceptance in a contract it becomes an agreement. So after studying or  analysing how agreement comes into the picture we move on to understand what is a contract? Now to reach at the level of the contract we have to add or we have to incorporate enforceability into it, the law says that until and unless an agreement is not enforceable, it cannot become a contract and to make it enforceable we have to add to certain essentials of a valid contract which are explained in the Section-10 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872. Without  enforceability it will simply remain an agreement it cannot become a contract. So in other words we can say to reach at the level of the contract we must have on the one hand agreement and on the other hand we must have enforceability into it and then it will reach at the level of the contract or it will become a contract. If I say all agreements are not contract but all contracts are agreement because all agreement cannot reach at the stage of the contract because if an agreement is not enforceable in spite of having number of the element of enforceability into it. If it is lacking one element of enforceability, it cannot reach the stage of the contract. Now just to make it a very simple. If I say that you are the student of the B.Com Part-I and if I say that you will become a graduate one day, there is no certainty into it. A student in the part 1 will definitely be a graduate there is no certainty because he may drop the studies in between or he may decide to quit but whomsoever is a graduate or if a student is a B.Com then automatically I will say that he has completed B.Com. Part I. So a student who is B.Com Part I need not to be necessarily be a graduate one day but whomsoever is a graduate was definitely was in B.Com Part I. Meaning thereby, if I relate, B.Com Part 1, with an  agreement and B.Com itself, with a contract. There is a gap between the two like an agreement has to be converted into the contract with enforceability.  We had to add the essential elements in a contract and then it will become a contract. Similarly a student has to pass B.Com Part I, he has to pass B.Com Part II and then he has to pass B.Com Part III or the final year examination then he will become a graduate. If somewhere in between if he leaves the studies or quit the studies, he cannot become a graduate. So we can say all contracts are agreement but all agreements are not contract. 3. Definitions of Agreement and Contract Now I would like to give you the definition of the contract which have been defined in the law. The term contract is defined in section 2(h) of the Indian Contract Act which reads as under: â€Å"An Agreement enforceable by law is a contract†. Now if we analyse the definition we find that whatever I have explained to you earlier is covered in this definition and if we go by the definition of agreement given in the section 2(e) – â€Å"Every promise and every set of promises is forming the consideration for each other is an agreement.† Now if we analyse this definition and I have explained it earlier that agreement or the promise consist of two things offer and acceptance. Let us see the some definition given by the thinkers. Definition given by Mr. Polak â€Å"Every agreement and promise enforceable at law is a contract† and Sir Salmond has defined â€Å"a contract is an agreement creating and defining obligation between the parties. If we analyse the definition given by eminent jurist and the definition given in the Indian Contract Act, we reach on this conclusion that to make an agreement enforceable and then we can enter into a contract. Now the question arises that what are those things which can make an agreement enforceable in the eye of law. Since, we have studied the portion of the agreement very well, that it is made up of two things offer and acceptance. Offer is the expression of the desire by the one party in front of the other party to give an assent and acceptance is the assent given on the offer. 4. Enforceability in an Agreement Now we will move on to the points which bring the enforceability in the agreement and if the enforceability is added it is included it will constitute along with an agreement it will constitute a contract. The first and foremost point which we had discussed is that there has to be an offer and there has to be an acceptance. As you know very well that without two parties or more than two parties we cannot enter into a contract. So in a contract there has to be more than two parties and one party will make an offer to the other party. The other party will give an acceptance on it. This is the fundamental essential to convert or to bring the enforceability in agreement. The second important essential element is that there has to be a free consent between both the parties. Now this particular word free consent is made up of two words consent and it should be free. As I mentioned that each element will be dealt by me later on in great detail therefore I am providing you the brief introduction of these elements. The consent is the meeting of the mind and both the parties agree upon the same thing in a same sense it is said that there is a consent. But it will be free provided it is not caused by or provided the consent is not obtained by cohesion, undue influence, fraud and misrepresentation. In very simple line I will explain coercion meaning thereby if one party forcibly compelling the other party to enter into the contract it is said that coercion has been applied on the other party. For example A by threatening to kill him enters into a contract with him it is said that A has entered into a contract with the B by coercion. Undue influence, whenever there is undue  influence, one party is always in a stronger position and other party is always at a weaker position. The stronger party morally pressurised the weaker party to enter into the contract and weaker party enters into the contract without the free will. It is said the undue influence has been exercised. What is the fraud? The fraud means when one party intentionally or deliberately or with the intention to cheat the other party, to deceive the other party, enters into the contract it is said that fraud has been  exercised by the party and misrepresentation meaning thereby, a statement which is not true but the party making it believe it to be true it is said that misrepresentation have taken place so if we have got the four element if the consent is called by these four element it is said that it is not a free consent and contract enter into by the party without free consent even not having enforceability remember we are now dealing with thos e point which will bring the enforceability with the agreement so that it become a contract. We are here studying the point which will take the agreement to the contract. These points I am discussing, again I am repeating in very very brief manner. The another point which is very important to bring the enforceability is the parties should be competent to enter into the contract. Without going into the details if we say all parties are competent to enter into the contract except the three parties, if we exclude these three parties from the agreement there will be enforceability so  that agreement will become a contract and these parties are if the contract is enter into by the minors and minor is a person who is not having age of 18 if the contract has been enter into by the person of unsound mind it is said that it is not enforceable he is not competent to enter into the contract and if the people debar by law if they enter into the contract since they do not have capacity to enter into the contract it cannot become a contract and they don’t have capacity to enter into the contract. Therefore if we say, if these three people are present in any agreement that agreement cannot become a contract and except these three people if any person enter into the contract that agreement will have enforceability. 5. Lawful Object and Consideration Now I move on to another point that is known as the object of the agreement should be lawful and the consideration which is given should also be lawful. There are two things, object of the contract should be lawful as well as the consideration given to achieve the object should also be lawful. First of all I will take up what do we mean by consideration. Consideration the law says is that something in exchange like if you go to the market to buy 1 kg sugar you give 35 rupees to the shopkeeper and the shopkeeper gives you 1kg sugar. For the shopkeeper, 35  rupees is a consideration and for you, sugar is a consideration. So there is an exchange between the two parties therefore there has to be a consideration but the consideration should be lawful and object of the contract should also be lawful. Now law says what is lawful object? and what is lawful consideration? In the Law has not defined in a positive manner, law have defined that what is unlawful. If the law says if any object and consideration does not fall within these lines then it is automatically lawful object and lawful consideration. Meaning  thereby, we go negatively to explain what is the lawful object? And what is the lawful consideration? Now suppose, ‘A’ says to the ‘B’ that if you will kill the ‘C’ I will give fifty thousand rupees. Now in this example when ‘A’ says to the ‘B’ to kill the ‘C’, the object is not lawful as well as the consideration which is decided to kill the ‘C’ is also not lawful. Therefore the object of the contract should be lawful but I will mention certain points which are declared by the law that they are treated as unlawful therefore they are not applicable or they don’t have any validity in the eye of law. Number one is If it is fraudulent the object of the contract is to do some fraud then it will be treated as the object of the contract is not lawful. For example if ‘A’, ‘B’ and ‘C’ together decide and cheat the ‘D’ they make a pl an to cheat ‘D’ or to play a fraud with the ‘D’ it is unlawful and object of the ‘A’, ‘B’ and ‘C’ of the plan is unlawful. 6. Objects Forbidden by Law If the object of the contract is forbidden by law, when we say it is forbidden by law meaning thereby the law does not permit that if the object of the contract is forbidden by law then it will not be treated as a point of enforceability in an agreement. For example if ‘A’ having a living  married wife enters into a contract to marry another lady. Now here in this example the object of the contract is forbidden by law and if we dwell upon we will find that it is written in the Hindu law that a person if he is having a married wife living with him cannot marry the another lady. So if the object is forbidden by either by the law or by the state legislation or by the Central Government if they have enacted any law and if it is forbidden and if we try to enters into a contract which is forbidden by law that will be treated as unlawful object. The next point in the unlawful object and  consideration is that if the object is permitted it will defeat the provisions of the some other law and if we take the example we find that suppose in a company it is mentioned that a person if he comes to attend a meeting he will be given 125 rupees for example as a remuneration to attend the meeting and 25 rupees as a allowance. Now if we are giving the allowance with an intention to evade the income tax then it will be treated that object of giving the 25 rupees with an intention of evading the income tax then we can say here also the object of the contract is not lawful and if it is injurious to the other party. If two parties enter into the contract to injure somebody that object is also unlawful and if the object of the contract is immoral. Now the definition of the morality will depend upon the standard of the society but yet if we are promoting the prostitution, that is considered as to be an immoral and if the two parties enters into the contract which promotes the prostitution, that object of the contract is also unlawful but last but not the least heading in the unlawful object and consideration is that it should not be against the public policy. Now public policy is a very wide term. Public policy has been defined by different  is always a situational.  eminent jurist in different manner it Whatever is suitable according to the standard of the  society can be included in the heading of the public policy. We sometime call it that public policy is unruly horse. We can include any heading in the public policy. Like, for example recently the Supreme Court has given a judgement in which they have specifically mentioned that no construction activity will take place in Bombay and other parts of the country after 10 O’clock in the night. Now this decision has been given in the interest of the public policy. If you recall there is a judgement that during the Navratras the dandiyas are not allowed after 10 o’clock in certain states except Gujarat because the Gharba is the festival of the Gujarat. Dandiya is played during that particular period with the great enthusiasm in the Gujarat because it has got an origin in the Gujarat. It originated from the Gujarat. So except Gujarat the Dandiyas will not be played in other part of the country after 10 o’clock. This decision is given in the interest of the public policy. So public policy is a very wider term. Yet we have decided certain heads which are included in the public policy. First is trading with enemy, second is trafficking in the public offices, third is interference with administration of justice, fourth is marriage brokerage contracts, fifth is agreement tending to create interest oppose to duty, sixth agreement in restrain of parental right, seventh agreement restricting personal liberty and the last but not the least is the agreement to commit a crime. So the object of the contract should be lawful and in this point we had studied that what is lawful and it has not been explained but what is unlawful it has been explained. 7. Agreement should not be Declared Void Now we move on to another element which bring the enforceability in an agreement. The heading of that element is that an agreement should not be  specifically declared void. In the law of contract there are certain agreements which are declared by law that they are the void and they cannot be at any rate be converted into the contract and as we know void agreements  are the void from the very beginning.  They cannot be converted into the contract, they are not  enforceable they have no value in the eyes of law. Now for your convenience I will mention the headings of the void agreements.  The first and the foremost is  agreements by person who are not competent to contract (Section-11), agreement under a mutual mistake of fact material to agreement (Section-20), agreement with unlawful consideration or object (Section-23), agreement, the consideration or object of which is unlawful in part (Section-24), agreements without consideration (Section-25), agreement in restrain of marriage (Section-26), agreements in restraint of trade (Section-27), agreement s in restrain of legal proceedings (Section-28), agreement, the meaning of which is uncertain (Section29), wagering agreement (Section-30) and agreement to do impossible act (Section-56). If we look at the list we find that any agreement which is falling under these categories or under any of these categories will be known as the void agreement it cannot be converted into the contract. If I move on to another element of the enforceability and that is the agreement must be certain. When we say the agreement must be certain meaning thereby when offer is made to another party it should have the element of certainty. It should not be weigh. The acceptor or the promisee should not derive the different meaning out of it or it should not be confusing also. For example if ‘A’ says to the ‘B’ that he would like to sell the fifty tins of the oil. Now this offer by ‘A’ to the ‘B’ is uncertain. It is not giving meaning, which oil he would like to sell to ‘B’. Is he would like to sell the coconut oil or he would like to sell the mustard oil. He has not mentioned it, therefore, in  agreement which is expressed or agreement which is given to the other party should be certain and the last point to bring the enforceability is known as that performance of the agreement should not be impossible. For a very simple example if a girl says to a boy that you bring the stars from the sky and then I will marry you. It is impossible act. It can not be converted into the  contract it is lacking the enforceability because we know we can not bring the stars from the sky. If ‘A’ says to the ‘B’ that I will give you 1 lakh rupees if you join the two parallel lines, we know two parallel lines do not meet. Another  example is if ‘A’ says to ‘B’ that he will show the ‘B’ the hidden treasure by magic then it is also an impossible act because by magic we cannot show the hidden treasure. Therefore, these are the elements which has been explained to you if they are available in toto, if they are available as it is in an agreement then it will become a contract.  If one single essential element of this is absent or one  essential element of the valid contract is absent or missing then it cannot become a contract that agreement will simply remain an agreement because it is lacking one of the essential element of enforceability. Therefore to reach at the level of the contract we have to fulfil all these requirements. Therefore we say all  contracts are agreement but all agreements are not contract because to travel  at the stage of the contract, to reach at the stage of the contract we had to have these elements.

Fox and Coyote and Whale

Native American traditional stories, folktales, are stories passed down from generation to generation by story telling and performance. Native Americans emphasized the importance of living in harmony with the naturual world. They had complex religious beliefs, sophisticated poltical systems, and strong morals. Some of the stories are creation myths, tales of heroes, and tricksters. Trickster tales are stories that have animals or human characters who engage in deceit, violence, or magic. Often trickster tales are said to explain why the world is the way it is.â€Å"Coyote and the Buffalo† and â€Å"Fox and Coyote and Whale† are two trickster tales, retold by Mourning Dove, explaining how Coyote's action created changes in the world. In theses two trickster tales, Coyote, the main character shares some similarities in morals, character, and transformation . Yet there exsists differences in how these traits are presented. One similarity between these two trickster tales i s that they both have purposes to teach morals. The moral teaching in â€Å"Coyote and the Buffalo† is to not be greedy.An example would be when Coyote killed the cow for more food because he was tired of eating only the fat. As a result he gets the remains of the cow stolen and is left with nothing. In â€Å"Fox and Coyote and Whale†, one of the morals is not to steal someone's wife.Whale steals Fox's wife and takes her to his lodge which leads Coyote and Fox's wife. Whale ends up getting his head chopped off and thrown into the ocean. They both teach morals, just in different ways. One difference that these two trickster tale have is Coyote's character trait. For example, in â€Å"Coyote and the Buffalo†, Coyote is portrayed as numbskull.Actions like kicking the Buffalo Bull's skull out of revenge, killing the cow Buffalo Bull gave him thinking Buffalo Bull will never know, and trusting a stranger with the little food he had left to take a nap, all make Coyote a numbskull. In â€Å"Fox and Coyote and Whale†, Coyote is smart and thoughtful.When Coyote helps Fox outsmart the water maidens, into telling them where Fox's wife was located, they go on a journey to recapture Fox's wife from Whale. Even tho Coyote in one tale contrasts Coyote's character from the other they both did well people. Coyote from â€Å"Coyote and the Buffalo†, got out of dieing by offering Buffalo Bull new horns.Buffalo accepted, so it was a win-win situaton for Coyote. In the other tale, Coyote helped find Coyote's wife by decieving the water maidens, and getting information before killing them. This helped regain Fox's wife's love.The coyote in these tales had diiferent mentalities from one another, one being an idiot and one being smart. Another similarity that theses tales have is that they both explain why the world is how it is. For example, in â€Å"Coyote and the Buffalo†, when Coyote gives Buffalo Bull new horns, they become the horns tha t all buffalos would have from that point on.Also, when Coyote kills the cow that was given to him by Buffalo as food he decides to go back to Buffalo to ask for another one but the cow that Coyote killed returned from the dead and refused to go with coyote again and Buffalo denies him another one.This explains why there are no buffalo in the Kettle Falls on the Columbia Rive, all because of Coyote. In â€Å"Fox and Coyote and Whale†, Fox and Coyote go after Fox's wife who was taken by Whale. After Fox and Coyote rescue her, Fox's cuts off Whale's head and tosses it into the ocean.This is why there are no whales in the rivers, and Whale could no longer make love to the wives of other men. This trickster tale also explains why Land people and Water people don't like each other. Coyote plays a role in how everything changed and how everything transformed.From reading both trickster tales, I learned that by decieving people you can get things out of them. These tales defenitely taught many moral, such as respect the dead, don't take what you have for grante, the importance of familiy and fidelity, ect. It gave a background on how the world transformed.

Segmentation, Target Market Selection and Positioning Practice in Automotive Industry

SEGMENTATION, TARGET MARKET SELECTION AND POSITIONING (STP) PRACTICE in AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY | Marketing Management| | CONTENTS GENERAL INFORMATION2 OVERVIEW OF THE INDUSTRY2 PROCESS OF SEGMENTATION6 Demographic Features7 Age Factor7 Gender Factor7 Income Factor8 CHOICE OF TARGET MARKET9 Five Patterns of Target Market Selection9 Single-Segment Concentration9 Selective Specialization9 Product Specialization9 Market Specialization10 Full Market Coverage10 POSITIONING10 Perceptual Maps11 Value Map12 APPENDIX (TABLES)13 SOURCES18 SEGMENTATION, TARGET MARKET SELECTION AND POSITIONING PRACTICE IN AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY GENERAL INFORMATIONCompanies cannot connect with all customers in large, broad, or diverse markets. But they can divide such markets into groups of consumers or segments with distinct needs and wants. A company then needs to identify which market segments it can serve effectively. This decision requires a keen understanding of consumer behaviour and careful strategic thinking. T o develop the best marketing plans, managers need to understand what makes each segment unique and different [1]. Companies, instead of scattering their marketing efforts, are focusing on these consumers they have the greatest chance of satisfying.Contrast of mass marketing, nowadays, marketers 1) Identify and profile distinct groups of buyers who differ in their needs and preferences (market segmentation), 2) Select one or more market segments to enter (market targeting), 3) For each target segment, establish and communicate the distinctive benefit(s) of the company’s market offering (market positioning) [1]. OVERVIEW OF THE INDUSTRY Motor vehicles are the products that includes a motor and are used to carry goods or passengers; they are manufactured according to some specific regulations and includes four or more wheels.The industry that manufactures these products is called â€Å"automotive main industry†. On the other hand, â€Å"automotive subsidiary industry â⠂¬  manufactures parts, modules and systems for the companies which produces vehicles. â€Å"Automotive Industry† is the sum of these two industries [2]. In this paper I’ll focus on the â€Å"automotive main industry†. The main products in this industry are automobile (personal car), bus, midibus, minibus, truck, pick-up and tractors. Table 1 shows the players of the automotive industry in Turkey.As shown in Table 1, we can see that automotive industry is very big in Turkey and data in hand shows that it is one of the first three industries in Turkey. Turkey became one of the biggest production area of the big automotive manufacturers on the world. Custom Union Agreement (1996) was one of the milestones for Turkey’s automotive industry. After this agreement, exportation has increased. In 1967, Turkey’s â€Å"local† automobile called â€Å"Anadol† was manufactured. With the begining of industrialization and developments in trade in Tu rkey, tradesman needed pick-ups.Then Otosan began to produce Anadol pick-ups. In 1971, because of the increasing interest in automobiles in Turkey, Renault branded automobiles began to be produced. Because of Turkey’s geographic conditions, like wide rural areas, Renault automobile, which was convenient for these conditions became very popular in Turkey [2]. Parallel to the improvements in automotive industry, the distribution channels of it also improved. At first, only â€Å" made in Turkey † vehicles was distributed in this network, but after 1996, imported vehicles also took place in the distribution network.Until the 1980s, the selling and after sales services were provided in small galleries, but then the service began to be provided in auto-plazas. After the 1990s, in Turkey, including multi-national companies in this industry, modern management ideas, quality, human resources management, production process, continuous development ideas, research & developme nt, marketing channels, customer demand analysis, lean-production, team work, production without stock, 6-sigma and just in time production ideas took place in automotive industry [2].Table 2 shows the Automotive Vehicles Park in Turkey and Table 3 shows the Motor Vehicles by Types and Provinces for the year 2007. As shown in Table 3, the province involves the biggest number of motor vehicles is Istanbul, and an interesting data is â€Å"the number of personal cars in Istanbul is bigger than the total amount of motor vehicles of each province†!!! Another interesting data is â€Å"the number of trucks in S? rnak, different from other provinces, is 5 times bigger than the number of personal cars!!!After the year 2001, the variety of products manufactured in Turkey increased. Technology, qualified human resources and globalization made it necessary to produce various products. In general, it was an obligation for Turkey’s automotive industry to use modern technology, to produce according to scale economy principles, and to be competetive in price and quality in international market. As a result, product diversification has emerged. In 2001 economic crisis, the capacity usage in production decreased until 29%, but today it is almost 86% [2].In 1993 exportation / production rate was 2%, but with the decrease in demand by the effect of exchange rates and economic crisis, manufacturers headed towards mostly exporting their products to other countries. In 2007 exportation / production rate was 73%, as a result [2] (see Table 4 in appendix). High rivalry in global automotive industry causes good improvements in technology. Every year new and advanced models are being produced. These models have high standards and customers prefer these models. Especially after 1997, importation from Germany has increased because of the exchange rate of Mark was under the inflation rate [2].In 2001 economic crisis, exchange rates was high and then importation began to dec rease. Despite the increase in manufacturing in Turkey, about 57% of the Turkey automotive industry provides its products by importation. As shown in Table 5, Renault, Tofas and Ford have bigger market-share in Turkey. Renault and Tofas has mostly personal cars-share and on the other hand Ford has mostly pickups-share in Turkey. When buses are considered, Mercedes has the biggest share. By July 2008, 55 kinds of brand are being sold in Turkey [2]. Improvements in technology made it necessary to merge for different companies in order to compete in market.As a result of these merges, quality and competitiveness increased. The leader manufacturer of * Personal cars is Oyak – Renault * Pick –ups is Ford Otosan * Trucks is Mercedes Benz Turk * Buses is Mercedes Benz Turk * Minibuses is Ford Otosan * Midibuses is Karsan * Tractors is Turk Traktor in Turkey. The leader exporters are Ford, Oyak – Renault, Tofas and Toyota in Turkey. The most profitable companies are For d, Oyak – Renault, Mercedes and Tofas in Turkey (According to Turkey’s ISO-500 report)[3]. In Turkey’s exportation list top-10, there are 4 automotive companies that show us the impotance of automotive industry for Turkey’s economy.Let’s look at from the global view: * World Motor Vehicle Production : Japan is leader, Turkey is not bad, but 10% of Japan. * World Commercial Vehicles Production : Turkey is in a competitive position but the leader is United States. * World Light Commercial Vehicles Production : Turkey is in a good position(in Europe, one of the two leaders). * World Personal Cars Production: Turkey’s share is only 0,1% in the world. Leader is Japan. * World Heavy Trucks Production: China is the leader. Turkey is not good enough. * World Buses Production : Russia and Turkey are leaders in Europe.China, India, Brasil and US are the leaders worldwide. PROCESS OF SEGMENTATION Almost 100 years passed after Henry Ford had said that à ¢â‚¬Å"all automobiles must be black† and produced Model-T. Now there is a very competitive environment in automotive industry and understanding customer needs, expectations and forecasting demands are very important factors. Market segmentation is one of the strategies to be competitive in this industry as I told before. General Market Segmentation Activities are as follows: 1) Define the market to be segmented (automotive products buyers, individual consumers or business buyers, or both). ) Decide how to segment (geographic, demographic, psychographic, behavioral segmentation) 3) Form segments 4) Finer segmentation strategies 5) Strategic analysis of segments, if needed turn to #1. Target marketing involves breaking a market into segments and then concentrating your marketing efforts on one or a few key segments. Target marketing makes the promotion, pricing, conception and distribution of ideas/goods/services easier and more cost effective. It provides a FOCUS as Porter advi ced as one of the marketing strategies.It also provides Porter’s other strategy of being the COST LEADER. According to the Kotler and Keller’s book, steps in segmentation process are: 1) Needs- Based Segmentation 2) Segment Identification (demographic, behavioral .. distinctives) 3) Segment Attractiveness (market growth, access) 4) Segment Profitability 5) Segment Positioning (Create value – proposition and product-price positioning strategy) 6) Segment â€Å"Acid Test† (test the attractiveness of each segment’s positioning strategy) 7) Marketing –Mix Strategy( Product, Price, Promotion and Place aspects) [1].In automotive industry, companies generally segment the market according to demographic features (age, income, gender, family size, social class etc. )[4]. Demographic Features Age Factor In US, automobile buyers are mostly under age 25. For example Mazda has developed its MX-3 model, having shiny colours for ages around 20 and has deve loped its 929 model for middle aged people segment. From their advertisements, we can understand what the target segment is. A Japanese company has seen that the population’s average age is getting higher and targeted the segment of these old people.It manufactures an automobile which can detect the loss of attention of the driver. Toyota has maintained a simple radio system to Carry model for old people. General Motors placed a display which has big bright letters/numbers in front of the fore-glass of car for old people. But sometimes targeting may not be stable after segmenting according to age. For instance, Ford firstly manufactured Mustang model for youngs prefering low priced sportive automobile; but then they saw that this model is bought by all age groups of people. Gender Factor Women take place in working life more than before.So the target market structure changes day by day. Increasing income of a working woman and the quick time of city life the consumption behav iour changes and also total demand increases. Automobile manufacturers develop strategies according to this new market. An investigation made in US, states that woman spends lots of money for automobiles and they have a strong effect (80%) for buying a new car and their car-ownership percentage is 49%. Toyota observed that 60% of car owners of Toyota is woman. An interesting example of Volvo is: â€Å"A woman- team of Volvo has created a concept car designed only for women in 2004.It has many properties especially for shopping-hungry women. It has a motor that sends message to the service-center when the maintenance time comes. It has wide doors opening up and down, which makes it easy to get on and off with shopping packages†. In Turkey, the woman-effect can be seen in automobiles easily. In the wide spread of automatic gear in automobiles, there is an obvious woman effect. The automobiles having child security systems draws interest of woman. An investigation made by IBS Ma rketing Research company shows that a high percentage of woman prefences for an automobile is safety properties [4].If this is provided, then women prefer small automobiles. Income Factor The motor power, accessories, chassis of an automobile shows its class. The class of an automobile affects its price. People whose incomes are higher, prefers good quality, safety, performance and comfortable models. The most expensive cars are class E and F. For example Porche, BMW, Mercedes, Jaguar, Ferrari, Bugatti, Lamborghini are among the most expensive cars in the world. B and C class automobiles are for people having intermediate level of income. There are lots of kinds of automobile in these classes branded Toyota, Opel, Renault etc.This segment of cars has the biggest percentage of sales. Some companies by modifying the car’s function and equipments, targets low-income market segment. Only for this reason, Opel has manufactured a low-cost model for its China market. Toyota Yaris is one of the economic models. Dacia company also targeted the low-income market segment with its cheap automobiles [4]. Other segmenting variables, may be used in automotive industry are: * Geographic (country, climate, state, nation†¦ ) * Psychographic (lifestyle, activities, interests, opinions, personality, core values†¦ * Behavioral (occasions, benefits, loyalty status, buyer-readiness†¦ ) Market segments must rate favorably on five key criteria: 1) measurable (the size, purchasing power etc. ), 2) substantial (large and profitable), 3) accessible, 4) differentiable (distinguishable segments respond differently), 5) actionable [1]. CHOICE OF TARGET MARKET How well does a potential segment score on the five criteria mentioned above? Does a potential segment have characteristics that make it generally attractive, such as size, growth, profitability, scale economies, and low risk?Does investing in the segment make sense given the firm’s objectives, competencies , and resources? These questions should be asked before selecting the target market. The firm must look at two factors: 1) the segment’s overall attractiveness, and 2) the company’s objectives and resources [1]. Five Patterns of Target Market Selection Single-Segment Concentration Volkswagen concentrates on the small-car market and Porche on the sports car market. Through concentrated marketing, the firm gains a strong knowledge of the segment’s needs and achieves a strong market presence. However, there are risks.A particular market segment can turn sour or a competitor may invade the segment. For these reasons, many automotive companies prefer to operate in more than one segment. A benefit of this is a company carrying fixed costs (sales force, store outlets) can add products to absorb and share some costs. Selective Specialization A firm selects a number of segments, each promises to be a moneymaker. This multisegment strategy has the advantage of diversifyin g the firm’s risk. For example Mercedes selects premium segment (Sedan model) and young and alone consumer segment (Smart model).Product Specialization The firm makes a certain product that it sells to several different market segments. For example small cars are manufactured for different market segments such as young/alone consumers and small families living in crowded cities. Market Specialization The firm concentrates on serving many needs of a particular customer group. In automotive industry there is no such example that sells of all its products only to one kind of segment. For example an automotive company doesn’t produce for only old people or doesn’t produce for only high-income people.In order to compete in the industry they also have different product lines serving other segments too. However, Turk Traktor may be an exception, because it produces tractors for people dealing with agriculture. But this must not be considered as one segment. It also inc ludes more than one segments inside, such as high income and low income customers. Let’s remember that a segment must have five key criteria. These two segments do not have the same characteristics and responds differently to different marketing-mix elements (price, place, promotion and product).Full Market Coverage The firm attempts to serve all customer groups with all the products they might need. Only very large firms such as General Motors can undertake a full market strategy. Large firms can cover a whole market in two ways: through undifferentiated and differentiated marketing [1]. Undifferentiated or mass marketing is the result of the decision to aim its resources at the entire market with one particular product. For example Turk Traktor has a narrow product line that keeps down the costs of production, marketing research, advertising and product management.As a result, Turk Traktor, owned by Koc Holding, is one of the fastest growing companies in Turkey [5]. In diff erentiated marketing, the firm operates in several market segments and designs different products for each. In automotive industry, we can say that all automobile manufacturers aim several market segments such as high and low incomed, young and old, looking for comfort or usableness, women and men etc. POSITIONING Positioning is the act of designing the company’s offering and image to occupy a distinctive place in the minds of the target market [1].Positioning is a managerial activity using marketing instruments, mainly promotional and communicational, to influence costumers’ perceptions and to secure a clear and distinctive place in their minds [6]. For an example of value proposition, see Table 6. The starting point for brand positioning is to determine â€Å"category membership†-the products or sets of products with which a brand competes and which function as close substitutes. To determine the proper competitive frame of reference, marketers need to underst and consumer behavior and the consideration sets consumers use in making brand choices.Then marketers must define the appropriate points-of-difference (PODs) and points-of-parity (POPs) (necessary conditions which should be included for brand choice) associations. POD of Lexus is quality. POP of BMW is performance and luxury with respect to performance cars and luxury cars. Because BMW positioned the brand as the only automobile that offered â€Å"both† luxury and performance [1]. Perceptual Maps Perceptual maps provide a visual picture of the positioning activity. They help you understand what consumers think about your and competitors’ brand and help you build an effective marketing strategy [7].One of the most important issues in producing perceptual maps is defining the proper range of competitive products. It has been found that perceptual maps of direct substitutes may better support positioning decisions. So, in an investigation made on Hungary automotive indust ry in 1997, they decided to include â€Å"only direct substitutes† from the medium and lower medium-sized car market in this country instead of â€Å"all† cars. As a result, after the surveys they made on consumers, the perceptual map was like that in the figure. The survey results in value-price relationship says that customers donot simply buy on price, they buy on value [6].So it is very important for an automotive company to position itself correctly. Value Map The analytical framework of the value-price relationship is often called the value-map. The horizontal axis of the value map quantifies the perceived benefits that a product provides to the customers, while the vertical axis represents the perceived price. Positions on the value equivalence line represent a balance between the value and price perceptions of a product. As seen in figure, Skoda and Lada have the value disadvantage and arenot positioned well in consumers’ minds.It is more difficult for m arketers to change perceptions than the physical features of the product [6]. APPENDIX (TABLES) Table 1: Players of the industry in Turkey (Sorted according to the ISO 500 list increasing row number) [3]: 2009 row number| Company| 3| FORD OTOMOTIV SANAYI A. S. | 5| TOFAS TURK OTOMOBIL FABRIKASI A. S. | 6| OYAK-RENAULT OTOMOBIL FABRIKALARI A. S. | 13| TOYOTA OTOMOTIV SANAYI TURKIYE A. S. | 22| MERCEDES-BENZ TURK A. S. | 43| HYUNDAI ASSAN OTOMOTIV SAN. VE TIC. A. S. | 71| MAN TURKIYE A. S. | 84| TURK TRAKTOR VE ZIRAAT MAKINELERI A. S. | 8| BMC SANAYI VE TICARET A. S. | 100| HONDA TURKIYE A. S. | 123| TEMSA GLOBAL SANAYI VE TIC. A. S| 134| OTOKAR OTOBUS KAROSERI SANAYI A. S. | 162| KARSAN OTOMOTIV SANAYII VE TICARET A. S. | 293| ANADOLU ISUZU OTOMOTIV SANAYI VE TIC. A. S. | Table 2: Automotive Vehicles Park in Turkey: Years| Personal Car| Truck| Pick-Up| Minibus| Bus| Tractor| Total| 1963| 72. 034| 49. 356| 30. 739| 7. 543| 11. 726| 50. 844| 222. 242| 1996| 3. 274. 156| 453. 796| 442. 788| 182. 694| 94. 978| 988. 142| 5. 436. 554| 2007| 6. 472. 156| 729. 202| 1. 890. 459| 372. 601| 189. 128| 1. 327. 334| 10. 80. 880| Table 3: Motor Vehicles by Types and Provinces for the year 2007 Provinces| Personal Car| Minibus| Bus| Pick up| Truck| Total| Agr? | 7. 513| 1. 945| 214| 2. 779| 2. 275| 14. 726| Ankara| 820. 355| 24. 777| 14. 922| 149. 602| 58. 797| 1. 068. 453| Bal? kesir| 103. 987| 4. 584| 3. 737| 35. 208| 11. 125| 158. 641| Diyarbak? r| 28. 864| 5. 253| 821| 11. 252| 6. 235| 52. 425| Gumushane| 4. 587| 1. 028| 116| 1. 805| 1. 151| 8. 687| Istanbul| 1. 711. 773| 63. 816| 49. 640| 447. 530| 130. 790| 2. 403. 549| Izmir| 457. 791| 14. 487| 15. 357| 150. 132| 36. 511| 674. 78| Mersin| 123. 253| 5. 679| 5. 047| 49. 872| 22. 059| 205. 910| S? rnak| 3. 326| 706| 50| 2. 085| 15. 961| 22. 128| Source: Turkey Statistics Foundation Table 4: Table5: Table 5 continued: Table 6: Example of Value Proposition [1]: Company and Product| Target Customers| Benefits| Price| Value Pr oposition| Volvo (station vagon)| Safety-conscious â€Å"upscale† families| Durability and safety| 20 % premium| The safest, most durable wagon in which your family can ride. | SOURCES 1. Marketing Management, P. Kotler & K. L. Keller, 13th ed. , Prentice Hall 2. Istanbul Ticaret Odas?Otomotiv Sektor Raporu, F. Karbuz & A. Silahc? & E. Cal? skan,2008 3. Otomotiv Sanayi Dernegi, Turkiye’nin 500 Buyuk Sanayi Kurulusu Icinde Otomotiv Sanayi Raporu, Temmuz 2010 4. Otomobil Sektorunde Uygulanan Onemli Demografik Bolumlendirme Kriterleri, Yrd. Doc. Dr. Bulent Bayraktar, 2005 5. http://www. turktraktor. com. tr 6. Segmenting the Hungarian automobile market brand using perceptual and value mapping, G. Rekettye & J. Liu, Journal of Targeting, Measurement and Analysis for Marketing, Oct 2000 7. http://hausmanmarketresearch. org/256/how-to-build-perceptual-maps/

Irish Immigrants to the United States of America Research Paper

Irish Immigrants to the United States of America - Research Paper Example Those who chased and sought after this pathway did so merely because they understood their impending future in Ireland would only be filled with more impoverishment, malady, and English subjugation. Accordingly, America became their ultimate dream, and for many, their last opportunity in having a better and brighter life. Many Irish emigrants suffered greatly as they travelled to this land, which they believed to be a land of hopefulness, opportunities, but most importantly, a land of complete freedom and happiness. In The History Place, it is said in an article about the Irish people’s experience, that the Irish emigrants to the United States arrived in masses on overcrowded ships, branded Coffin Ships because the conditions were so deplorable; these ships were, for the most part, not even sea worthy. The coffin ship owners stipulated hardly any food, water, and occupying space. They provided only as little as was lawfully doable, if they followed the laws at all. These peopl e boarded the ships to escape The Great Irish Famine, a time of mass famine, illness and migration that started from 1845 until 1852. In addition, many who were on board were also on the ship to escape the Highland Clearances, the enforced dislocation and slaughter of a substantial number of Scottish Highlanders throughout the 18th and 19th century. The Highland Clearances was an outcome of an agronomic revolution or enclosure implemented by the British administration and Scottish property-owners. Although coffin ships were the most inexpensive method to traverse the Atlantic, death percentages of 30% onboard the ships were widespread. Many people have said that sharks were observed shadowing these ships, since there were exceedingly countless bodies tossed overboard. When they finally stepped foot on American soil for the first time and lived their lives in America as immigrants, adversity and suffering did not get any easier or lesser. America hated them. The Americans were in dis may of their arrival. No group was regarded and treated more inferior than an Irish in America all throughout the 1850s. They were tricked and deceived by many. Before arriving, landlords had assured them of money and provision. They promised an agent who would come to the ports to meet and give them money. However, no agents ever did come. Promises of provision such as basic food and water had been outright fabricated. Their lack of familiarity and know-hows of the nation evidently led to being frequently defrauded and cheated at every turn, overpriced for scanty accommodation and poorly paid for labor. They were taken advantage in every conceivable way. In America, free land did not entice them. They cast off the land as the land casted them off. The Irish gripped together in clusters. These immigrants were evidently unwanted in America. They were left with no other choice but to dwell in basements and crude shacks, partially because of paucity but also because they were deemed un healthy and unfit for the community. As they resided

Evolution of Health Care Information Systems Paper Essay

Evolution of Health Care Information Systems Paper - Essay Example An information system may simply be defined as an arrangement of people, technology, processes and data that interact to gather, process, store, transfer and provide output in form of useful information that supports the organization. The HCIS (Health Care Information System) traditionally was developed to primarily manage financial and administrative data with an aim of supporting management functions as well as general operations of the organization that deals in healthcare services (Tan, 2005). Administrative applications of HCIS include admission, transfer and discharge registration, scheduling, accounts receivable and patient billing, utilization management, payroll, staff scheduling, material management, general ledger and accounts payable administration (Tan, 2005). The clinical information system on the other hand contains clinical/ health related information that is related to diagnosing, monitoring and treating patients. Clinical applications generally consist of the ancillary information system and other systems which include nursing documentation, medication administration, tele-health and telemedicine, electronic medical record and provider order entry. Changes witnessed in healthcare systems have become real, more as a result of advancements in information systems, medical technology and healthcare delivery, and management practices (Tan, 2005). Up to the early 1980s, HIS (Healthcare Information Systems) were more oriented towards information â€Å"supply† for purposes of conducting business. Attention however shifted over time to a system that is more â€Å"demand† oriented; information and its importance. This led to the gradual replacement of pencils, calculators, paper and cards, mechanical punches and people for performing vital tasks (Dudeck, Blobel, Lordieck & Bà ¼rkle, 1997). The typical office in the healthcare facility then was characterized by cumbersome and labor intensive work methods. These methods and systems were later

International Business Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

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Assignment 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 12

Assignment 2 - Essay Example Yet, the actual experience of smelling a rose cannot merely be contained and explained through this comprehensive body of information. This in essence is the Qualia problem. Jackson illustrates the inadequacy of physicalism through couple of examples. He uses the ‘knowledge argument’ in describing the case of the exceptionally sighted Fred. Fred actually sees two colors within the conventional red spectrum. In other words, just as a normal human eye can distinguish between yellow and blue clearly and consistently, Fred is able to identify two colors within red – red1 and red2. The nomenclature contains ‘red’ as a common term, but it does not mean Fred sees two shades of red. To him the two are as distinct as yellow and blue are for a normal human being. This much is a brief account of the physical facts of the phenomenon. But crucially, it is a poor substitute for what it is to experience those two different colors. Even the analogy of yellow and blue give a conceptual understanding but no clue as to what the two reds might look like. This is the major shortcoming of physicalism and hence the introduction of qualia into the discussion. I totally agree with Jackson’s emphasis on qualia and its centrality to discussing sensory experience. Physicalism, though, has its utility, in that, it helps document and describe sensory phenomena for scholarly analysis. But it is ultimately limited in capturing the real experience as and when it occurs to a human subject. In my view modern psychology could benefit by incorporating qualia into its therapeutic models. It is widely understood that psychological states like depression and anxiety have their origins in perception. Two different people perceive the same sort of event in two different ways. Their reaction to these events is in turn dictated by their perception. Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) is aimed toward rectifying the patient’s distorted perceptions of self, others, circumstances and the

Disciplinary Action by the Texas Board of Nursing Essay

Disciplinary Action by the Texas Board of Nursing - Essay Example RNs have a duty to resolve any issues that may compromise the safety of the patient such as conflicts of interest; and ensure that professional integrity is upheld. The duty to the patient requires RNs to cooperate fully with other clinicians and staff in treatment processes. In the society, Goodman and Spry (2014) have pointed out that RNs have a responsibility to create awareness about human health, and prevention and management of diseases. Additionally, RNs should extend their service to cover community outreach initiatives and civil programs regarding health care. In light of this, RNs have an obligation to be well informed about health-related issues both within their countries of operation and across the world: these include; disease outbreaks, disasters, and communicable diseases (Haag-Heitman, & George, 2010). An RN must also help the society with administering effective vaccines, interventions to famine, provide solutions to pollution, affect easier and closer health care s ervices, and safeguard human rights. 2. What is the RN's Scope of Practice? According to Law and Marks (2013) the RN’s scope of practice involves advancing the interests of the patient and his or her loved ones as envisaged in the Nurse Practice Act (NPA) and the Board of Nursing regulations. Spence, Vallant, Roud and Aspinall (2012) have pointed out that it is within the RN’s scope to use specialized judgment and knowledge in precarious nursing situations. The nursing practice requires the professionals to render effective services premised upon sound skills of practice. The practitioners must also observe biological, social science and physical doctrines in their effort to settle for the best nursing interventions on patients (Haag-Heitman, & George, 2010). Despite their wide mandate in the provision of health care service, it is beyond the RNs’ scope of practice to diagnose patients’ health complications or offer treatment options for them. 3. What are prohibited practices or grounds for disciplinary actions by the Board of Nurse Examiners? The Board of Nurse Examiners (BNE) has laid out prohibited practices that normally guide professional practice. On the issue of patient care, any behavior that compromises the safety of the patient such as grave medication errors, patient exploitation, and negligence are prohibited in the profession (Goodman, & Spry, 2014). Chemical dependency is also prohibited in the profession, especially when the abuse compromises the safety of the patient. Such prohibited behaviors normally warrant different disciplinary measures such as license revocation, suspension, and even prosecution of the RNs. 4. Describe a RN's duty to report colleagues who may expose others to risk of harm. An RN has an obligation to ensure that the safety of the workplace is not compromised by fellow RNs or other clinicians (Haag-Heitman, & George, 2010). He or she must labor to promote everyone’s legal rights, individua l privacy, and professionalism in order to ensure the provision of quality services for the patient. In view of this, it is the duty of RNs to report negligent clinicians and other staffs whose actions or inactions may compromise the safety of the workplace by hurting the patients and or fellow clinicians. 5. When does the professional nurse have an obligation to report these actions? Matsusaki and Sakai (2011) have pointed out that the professional nurse is under an obligation to report colleag

Discuss the regulatory intervention that took place in the US post Assignment

Discuss the regulatory intervention that took place in the US post 2008 crisis - Assignment Example ..13 Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform- Credit Agency Reforms†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...14 Recommendations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..18 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..18 Abstract Policies are most essential feature within the government of any nation and their implementation is required to be foolproof for the development of nations. The great financial crisis which took place in United States in 2008 was the most dangerous crisis after the Great Depression in 1930. One of the major reasons for the financial crisis has been due to the policy crunch and implementation failure. After crisis broke , regulatory intervention has been made with a stringent manner by the US government. The paper deals with the policy intervention by the Federal government of United States of America post crisis of 2008. Focus is entailed majorly on the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform directed towards neutralizing the crisis situation. Introduction The Nobel Laureate and American economist Milton Friedman stated that the policies should be such that they should not be evaluated by their agendas or intentions but by their outcomes1. The worst financial crisis striking the United States of America (U.S.) in the herald of 2008 after Great Depression in 19302 made a perpetual adverse impression on the global economy and can be deemed primarily as a collapse of policy and regulatory interventions. Financial crisis with imprudent policy ramifications led to the loss of 8 million jobs, business failure, stupendously declining house process3, and wiping away personal savings of people leaving the global eco nomy and especially the US economy in a complete jeopardy4. The importance of policies is highly significant in the sense that regulation, policy formulations and their subsequent implications directly correlate with their effect5. Now it is also to be noted that according to common conscience where there is right, presence of wrong is indispensable. By assuming the financial crisis as a wrong and faulty mechanism, it is essential to analyze the policy formulation and their implementations as an endeavor to stabilize the economic conditions post crisis. It is required to realize that the new policies thus developed as coping strategies are fruitful to what extent or it is required to know the time frame in which the economy has been able to stabilize and reach a position of strong financial ground. This will help to realize the effectiveness and dynamism of policies6 But first of all it is strongly imperative to explore the causes that led to crisis generation. A wide array of facto rs, led to the generation of this financial crisis and to name a few of them are housing sector crash, credit mania, imperfect economic forecast and so on7. Now these factors are to be explored first and then the analysis of the regulatory intervention is to be analyzed to judge its effectiveness. In this paper the main target is to explore the regulatory

Is the use of placebos as a control ethical when an effective standard Essay

Is the use of placebos as a control ethical when an effective standard of care medication is available (YES or No) - Essay Example This does not exclude the use of placebo, or no treatment, in studies where no proven prophylactic, diagnostic or therapeutic method exists.1i The revision does not ban placebo but allows it only when there is unanimous agreement among members of medical community that no effective treatment is available. In the absence of effective preferred treatment, placebo controlled trials are permissible. In all other cases, its use has been restricted on ethical grounds. Critics have raised objections to the absolutism of the revised version. The basic ethical concern is grounded in one complex question: Are the rights of the subject more important than potential for greater good of the society If it is felt that inefficacy of drugs can be tested through placebos and new drugs can be developed, should the researchers proceed with the trial or should they be concerned about welfare of the subjects to the extent that they abandon the research This is a question which definitely is not easy to answer. Proponents of the revised version support the declaration that: "In research on man, the interest of science and society should never take precedence over considerations related to the well being of the subject."ii Supporters of placebo controlled trial are of the view that use of an inactive agent is preferable to an active one because it provides an important static reference pointiii. Another major argument in favor of placebo use is connected with Food and Drug Administration in the US that does not approve any drug that has not been tested with placeboiv. While it is true that many resent the imperialistic stance of FDA, the fact remains that in most cases, clinical trials with placebo might appear to be the only option. It is true that welfare of the subjects is an important concern but equally important is the development of a better and more effective treatment. In case an effective treatment exists and the patient is suffering from a life threatening disease, it is better not to proceed with the placebo control method. But where a slight delay might not significant affect a patient and a clearly effective treatment is unavailable, use of placebo should be allowed unhindered. FDA on one occasion for example "argued that the low risk to subjects justifies the use of placebo arms in clinical trials when effective treatments are available and equipoise is therefore impossible."v It is possible to reach a consensus on the issue if we study the placebo control method carefully and delineate some clear rules as to when it can be applied. Emanuel, Miller offer a sound solution when they say, "A placebo-controlled trial has a sound scientific rationale if the following criteria are met: there is a high placebo-response rate; the condition is typically characterized by a waxing-and-waning course, frequent spontaneous remissions, or both; and existing therapies are only partly effective or have very serious side effects; or

History and Political Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

History and Political Science - Essay Example The reason generally refers to a human being’s capacity to utilize the strengths of logic and deduction to make judgments in relation to information and knowledge on a subject or matter of significance. Etymologically, the Greek word â€Å"logos† means reason. It is also one of the guiding principles of philosophy. A fundamental attribute of the reason is clarity and it is so because vague judgments or instincts are not considered reason, reason has to sound, precise and logical. The ideas of democracy and reason are relatively intertwined such that neither one can possibly function properly without the other. Both democracy and reason are based on the foundations of freedom of thought and speech which allows every individual to exercise their right to thinking freely without restriction and then presenting these thoughts in the form of reasonable discussion formed by logic and objective understanding of any matter of importance. â€Å"..no system of government can or should be imposed upon one nation by any other.† (Obama, Barack, 2009). If a nation or a country is not liberated in the sense that there is alien oppression or control, it goes without saying that even the minds and perception consisting of reason are clogged as well. In a true democracy, the mob which comprises of the majority formulates all the rules, ethics, morals and regulations on the basis of reason and logical rationale. The reason is a human’s tool of understanding and ju dgment. It is the method of identifying entities through one's senses. We use our minds to identify what we have observed by gathering more perceptual information until we can understand what we see. Reason is the element of a human that allows it to understand how exactly to gather information, and which information to gather. This gathering of information leads to a process whereby we utilize the power of reason to mix up and combine the information in a more organized and efficient way; this organized form of information is converted into knowledge. The new found knowledge is processed with body of knowledge that a human already has, in order to gain a better understanding of it. This cycle results in the form of well reasoned judgments and opinions. The idea of democracy suggests that if the common man that makes up the majority of a nation is empowered and allowed to make up the government that controls the nation, usually through a representative party or group, then that comm on man must also have the powers of reason and logic to form the wisest of judgments and opinions so as to allow for the best and most practical set of rules, regulation, laws, morals and ethics to form. The inclusion of reason in laying the foundations of democratic ideas is essential so that there is minimal conflict. It is impossible for democracy and reason to survive on their own; they are like lungs and a human, neither one is useful without the presence of the other. In the same way, if democracy chose to survive alone it would not be able be able to do so because the principles and the ideas of democracy lay their emphasis on the objectivity of reason. Reason can also not in itself survive, in

Six Flags Essay Example for Free

Six Flags Essay Amusement parks and theme parks are being the term of the entertainment attractions in over the World. The U. S is almost leading this large numbers of theme park by 322 $ million guests in 2003. According to the International Association of Amusement Parks and Attractions (IAAPA) the amusement park industry’s roots can be traced all the way back to medieval Europe when in approximately 1133 A. D, the monk Rahere, a former jester in the court of Henry I held the first trade fair (IAAPA). The idea of the amusement parks started in the United State sometimes in end of the 19th century by the electric trolley companies. Also, this idea came to create some events for people during the weekend, which it was the golden period of theme parks. In 1893, it was the first exposition which held in Chicago and it was the event which Ferris wheel as well as the Midway introduced to over the World (2002). Six Flags. Inc as known is the world’s largest regional theme park company based on the number of its properties; as well it is the 5th most well-liked in terms of attendance. Furthermore, Since the Walt Disney Company beings the first in amusement park operator in the U. S. Six Flags takes the second place with 20 million international visitors in the year. Whats more, Six Flags holds39 family oriented theme parks in the U. S, Canada, Mexico, and Europe. The company estimates that nearly two thirds of the American population that lives within 100 miles of one if its parks. According to IAAPA â€Å"the properties serve 35 of the 50 largest U. S. metropolitan areas. The company first target is the local markets as the only competitor, Disney land, are a focuses for visitors from the entire world. It also has exclusive rights to theme park usage of Warner Brothers 3  and DC Comics characters in most of North America, South America, and some Europe countries, with many parks featuring such characters, for example, Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Tweety Bird, Yosemite Sam, Batman, and Superman (IAAPA. Sep 2009). The competition and marketing in amusement park industry have been growing up after began consolidate that occur a bigger established smaller parks and family operations. In addition, theme parks in U. S become high commodities and the gaining for theme park properties have been increasing to high record levels. They also have been supported by the government in U. S which was the biggest amount acquisition with U. S. $1. 9 billion that paid for the Six Flags Theme Parks Chain by Premier Parks. The Six Flags Company has been raking as the fifth largest amusement park regarding to the annual attendance in the world after Walt Disney, Merlin Entertainment Group in United Kingdom, Universal Studios, and Parques Reunidos in Spain. Also, Six Flagss properties become more available as the result of the consolidated of the U.S industry and it keeps announced every year unique properties to its parks which make operators work harder than before to attract and retain attendees. According to Six Flags Website in Aug 30, 2012 Six flags properties announced two ground-breaking thrill rides will debut at Six Flags over Georgia and Six Flags White water in 2013. For example, adding new rides, new shows, and new experiences. According to IAAPA amusement parks were not investing as heavily in magnificent roller coasters; instead in 2000, they were focusing more on family oriented rides and amenities like air-conditioned restrooms and better food. Also, Six flags usually every season surprises its visitors by great deals with lower price like free admission and free season parking to any Six flags theme parks. 4 The hot competition in theme parks business was one of the main reasons of the difficult time that the six flags company and amusement park industry had been facing during the past few years. For instance, in August of 2001, theme and amusement park operators were concerned with the drops in attendance in many parks. Also, the terrorist attack is another huge reason of dropping the market of the amusement park industry in the United State after the Sept, 2011. The bad weather condition in 2002 and the War in Iraq had affected the level of tourism to U. S especially the theme park sector. According to USA Today, 2002 10 percent of Americans rated amusement parks and sporting events as the most likely target for a terrorist attack, behind nuclear plants and large city downtowns, yet ahead of airports, national monuments, military installations, and bridges. The major competitor of Six Flags Company in U.S is the Walt Disney Company. It announced that the attendance in 2003 was almost 97 million and revenues of U. S. $6. 4 billion and most of visitors were from Walt Disney in Florida and Japan. Another competitor of Six flags is Universal Studios Recreation Group with 73 million visitors and revenues $ 4 billion in Orlando, Fl. Recovery strategies: In 2005, Six Flags made an important change in the top management by hiring Mark Shapiro the new chief executive officer, after that they change their focus and goals to become more careful about cleanness, kindness and with  family-friendly atmosphere. The management brings a trained staff and enforce of a code of conduct which made the park better than ever, with more customers satisfaction. Shapiro focused to drive to increase attendance through enhance broad-based marketing strategies and introduce standardized pricing in all parks, make marketing alliances and sponsorship with most popular consumer brands. Moreover, Much of Six Flags social marketing strategy relies on getting people to talk about events, such as the 45th anniversary celebration. According to Shapiro concluded, Every single day we will remain focused on bringing our guests an entertainment package that they cant experience anywhere else close to home: family rides, thrill rides, special events, concerts and shows, daily parades, fireworks, shopping, dining and games† (Six flags web, 2006). Overall, the main focus of Shapiro was to enhance and emphasize the benefits for existing resources and develop some of old strategies to raise the income and reach some of other goals.

Negative Consequences Of Gender Role Stereotyping Sociology Essay

Negative Consequences Of Gender Role Stereotyping Sociology Essay In todays community so many stereotypes happen daily. People judge others based on the visual representation they see and at times even make allegations based on these evaluations. Its immoral and shouldnt be supported. This assertion is true no concern how some in community wants to see it as wrong. It happens and I believe that people should not be judged based on their characteristics. Some people might believe we live in a community where stereotyping is eliminated to a minimum, as far as addressing them goes. Nevertheless, gender stereotypes, racism stereotypes, and sometimes prejudice stereotypes towards people have been acknowledged, they have attempted to be dealt with and attempted to be controlled but its unavoidable. Sure some might feel we live in a community where this doesnt occur, but the fact of the matter is its not, and it wants to be understood. Some feel you can accept people despite of race or sex. Accepting an individual who just selects to dress or look differe nt shouldnt be that difficult. Nevertheless, some have found, this is not the situation. Stereotypical bias towards anybody, particularly the ones who select to look differently, is a main problem. It is a main issue that goes most of the time un-addressed and its sad. The purpose of this paper is to establish a research in order to identify the negative consequences of gender stereotypes. Negative Consequences of Gender Role Stereotyping In our existing society, males and females execute specifically different roles which are found on nothing more than their natural gender. Although these roles do not posses true for every person, the mainstream of people lives out their lives in accordance with these very pervasive roles. Community tends to allocate classes of social roles to man individuals and classes of social roles to woman individuals (as community perceives their genders). These sex roles boundaries what both men and women can and cannot do. Gender roles enslave persons and force them to be what others want them to be. They are perpetuated and enforced by the mass media and community usually several ways, some which are evident and others which are more subtle. In several communities, there is a strong trend to overstate these sex roles, and it appears to regularly jump from a valid surveillance to a false conclusion. Gender roles can be described as a set of behaviors and attributes that are standard for every gender in a community. Gender role stereotypes are broadly-held beliefs about those behaviors and attributes (Singleton, 1987). The stereotypes to a great extent become the roles. Community forces people into some roles simply by anticipating that those roles are appropriate and enforcing them. Generally, the roles common in modern Western community recommend that males should be bossy, aggressive, and better at the maths and sciences, should become victorious in their professions, and should manage and suppress their emotions. Females, on the contrary, should be obedient, nurturing, gentle, superior at languages and the humanities, emotional, and eager of nothing more than a content family and a husband to provide for her, while she remains at home and tends the house. These gender-typed roles are effected and reinforced by the mass media and community usually in several ways, some evident and others more subtle. Nevertheless, there is a formerly broadly-held standpoint, somewhat less popular presently, that sex roles are the consequence of innate biological distinction between the genders; that men are biologically better-suited to hold positions of authority, for instance, and that females are more suited to look after the home and kids. It has been presently and regularly suggested that the presently championed roles are limiting and damaging to all engaged, males and females alike, from the time that they are kids. This view holds that our gender roles are solely the product of the community in which we live, and that their inappropriateness with the truth of individual characters causes pain and stress for several individuals, as do other types of oppression and stereotyping. Most of the study in this area has been based on researches which indicate the disparity and subordinate position of females in Western community. The natural view of sex roles states that the discriminated sex roles which survive in our community are the products of our evolution, and are inextricably connected with capabilities predominant in one gender or the other which are decided naturally. The roles prescribed for each gender are based on physical capabilities and properties of that gender, such as intelligence, brain lateralization, and varying hormone levels. This view was the accepted one all over the history, and has only recently been challenged. The issues with this view are, first, that it supposes that existing Western gender roles are the correct ones, second, that it rejects that we can or should alter our existing roles, and third, that it implies that conventional gender roles are adaptive and helpful to physical and psychological health. Recent proof and study favors the conclusion that none of these three points is really true. If existing Western gender roles are in fact naturally programmed into all human beings, we would anticipate such roles to be universal, and this is obviously not the case. If nothing else, this view overlooks, or diagnoses as pathologic, individual distinctions. Although certain consistency across several cultures is in fact discovered, even those who see these personalities as evolutionarily based have developed other, superior explanations for them than that they are natural and unchangeable. One such view states that societal distinctions in child-rearing practices are accountable for varying capabilities in every sex, but that these distinctions are due to the evolutionary sexual behavior of a polygenes species, as they believe humans to be. The supposition that gender roles are natural, and thus unchanging, can be refuted by the simple visible fact that gender roles, even within our community, have altered and are in the procedure of altering. Females, long deemed to be incapable to hold positions of authority or professions engaging intelligence, are at last beginning to be enabled to serve in such abilities (though the struggle for full identification is still far from over). Additionally, females are in the procedure of refuting the belief that they must have a family and kids to be done, when in fact several are happier without them. As regards psychological health and the adaptively of gender roles, the simple fact is that, when a association between gender roles and physical and mental health is discovered, it generally points to the conclusion that the woman gender role in specific is extremely associated to lower self-respect, higher levels of neuroticism (noticeable in such traits as over-sensitivity to condemnation and denial to involve in assertive behavior), and reduced capability to cope in those persons who adhere sternly to their socially prescribed sex role. Researches have proved that females, as well as males who are considered to be extremely feminine on the Bem Sex Role Inventory, are much more probably in situations of job stress to use avoidance coping at the cost of other, more useful, techniques. Additionally, females have been proven to be considerably less contented with their bodies, due to a sex role which states that they must be beautiful in order to attract a male, which should be of dominant significance in their lives. Even females of low body weight commonly diet, supposing themselves fat. This becomes an issue when it is proved that these thoughts of insufficiency about ones own body are connected to eating diseases, low self-respect, despair, and lowered or insufficient use of contraceptives. Perhaps one of the causes for the raised stress clear among those trying to adhere to the gender role recommended for them, also the most compelling proof against the natural approach, is the fact that several of the commonly-held Western gender capability stereotypes on which gender roles are based are simply inexact. Past and existing transforms in gender roles can furthermore be described by the fact that, since cultures alter, what roles are adaptive to each culture will also alter over time, and should do so. The socio-cultural view, affected to a large extent by feminism, additional states that the existing woman gender roles in our community are psychologically harmful to females, in that they encourage as desirable behaviors and beliefs which are unsuited with truth and are maladaptive to mental adjustment. The man sex roles are also harmful to males for the same causes. Much of the study completed on the harmful effects of sex stereotyping has concentrated on the way in which these stereotypes serve to further subjugate females. Nevertheless, males are hurt as well. Males are described that they should never show their feelings, they are socialized to be aggressive, and they are taught to derogate anything woman. This manifests itself as a high level of competitiveness, a disability to be open and susceptible, and a lack of ability in interpersonal communications. Inherent in this rejection of all things feminine is also a natural belief that maleness and femaleness are opposites. This dichotomy is damaging to males in specific, because it teaches them that if they try to gain some wanted feminine characteristics, they will in turn lose some of their maleness, which is perhaps the ultimate terror of the sex-stereotyped male. Moreover, both these dichotomized gender roles are detrimental to community as a whole because they promote violent behavior in males, against both each other and females, discourage individuals from following some activities in which they might excel provided the opportunity, and foster the communication space between the genders. For instance, several researches have establish that acceptance of rape myths such as most sufferers are at least partially to blame, are connected to gender role stereotyping and mistrust of the opposite sex on the part of both males and females. It would look clear, provided all the study extant, that even if it is the case that gender roles are the consequence of our species evolution and the physiological predispositions of each sex, and were adaptive in the past, these roles have not changed to reflect the altering truths of our community. Thus, any adaptive benefits they may have presented in the past are no longer present, and the roles must alter in order to be adaptive for individuals these days. This view is certainly daunting; if sex roles are to alter, then so must several other institutions of our community. The truth that most if not all adults these days adhere to these roles to some extent does not make this any easier. To alter the outlook on females would need alters in how we perceive family relations, how we teach our kids, our criminal and civil laws, and religion, among other things. Maybe the first step to making these alters is to change the methods in which males and females are presented in the mass media. Presently, such materials as T.V. perpetuate the conventional gender roles by presenting and emphasizing them, while discrediting those who go against the existing roles by either presenting them in an adverse light or, more regularly, by failing to present them at all. The belief that all females should be young and good-looking, and that their looks should be their main concern, is perpetuated by the facts that most females on TV are under 30 years old, and these females are shown continuously paying concentration to their looks, and by the fact that when females do make news, such things as their marital status, height, and hair color are regularly mentioned, even when these are unrelated to the problem at hand. Conclusion This is a very significant, if not essential, realization for community to come to. Provided that the existing gender role stereotyping has so several negative effects for all individuals in our community, and has yet to show any positive consequences, it stands to cause that when such an unbelievable force for oppression is eliminated from our lives, it can only advantage all engaged in the long run. Such study as has been completed in the past is required also in the future, but it must be accompanied by an active try to alter the things that are discovered, rather than simply acknowledging their harmful consequences in statistical breakdowns. It must also be made apparent that these roles are not general and unchallengeable and that there is hope for alter. Only when these truths are realized can our community begin to move toward a prospect of gender relationships that is adaptive for our time and for the upcoming.

How Does The Bus Topology Works Information Technology Essay

How Does The Bus Topology Works Information Technology Essay The bus topology is a series of nodes which are all connected to a backbone. Bus networks typically work well for smaller networks and use Ethernet cables for networking. It is easy to maintain and troubleshoot in a bus network. How does the BUS topology works : The bus topology connects each computer on the network into something called the segment trunk. A bus is usually referred to a cable that connects end to end and this is used to transmit the signals from one end to the other end. At every end a terminator is placed so that it understands in which direction the data is traveling and also the terminator is used to absorb the signals Figure 1 : BUS topology ii. Star topology : A star topology is based on a central node which acts as a hub. A star topology is common in homes networks where all the computers connect to the single central computer using it as a hub. How does the Star topology works : A star network features a central connection point called a hub that may be a hub, switch or router. Devices typically connect to the hub with Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Ethernet. Compared to the bus topology, a star network generally requires more cable, but a failure in any star network cable will only take down one computers network access and not the entire LAN. Figure 2 : Star topology iii. Ring topology : A ring network is circular in shape and every node will have one node on either side of it. The ring topology is rare to come across because of its limitations. If there is damaged cable or breakdown in any one of the nodes then the entire network stops functioning. How does the Ring topology works : A ring network is a network topology in which each node connects to exactly two other nodes, forming a single continuous pathway for signals through each node a ring. Data travels from node to node, with each node along the way handling every packet. Because a ring topology provides only one pathway between any two nodes, ring networks may be disrupted by the failure of a single link. Figure 3 : Ring topology iv. Mesh topology : Mesh topology is a group of nodes which are all connected to each other and many types of connections are possible in a mesh topology How does the Mesh topology works : In a Mesh Network every node is connected to other nodes on the network through hops. Some are connected through single hops and some may be connected with more than one hope. While the data is traveling on the Mesh Network it is automatically configured to reach the destination by taking the shortest route which means the least number of hops. Figure 4 : Mesh topology v. Tree topology: The tree topology is a group of star networks put together. The only difference is that the tree topology follows a hierarchy in structure and the entire tree is dependent on this hierarchy. How does the Tree topology works : Among all the Network Topologies we can derive that the Tree Topology is a combination of the bus and the Star Topology. The tree like structure allows you to have many servers on the network and you can branch out the network in many ways. Figure 5 : Tree topology Task -1 (b) The advantages and disadvantages for each medium of network topology. Some of medium are cat5, cat6, fiber optic, coaxial cable etc. Cat5 : Category 5 cable is a twisted pair high signal integrity cable type often referred to as Cat5 or Cat-5. Most cables are unshielded, relying on the twisted pair design for noise rejection, and some are shielded. Figure 6 : Cat5 Cable This category of UTP cable is the most commonly used cable in present day networks. It consists of four twisted pairs and is used in those Ethernet networks that run at the speed of 100 Mbps. Category 5 cable can also provide a higher speed of up to 1000 Mbps. Cat6 : Category 6 cable, commonly referred to as Cat-6, is a cable standard for Gigabit Ethernet and other network protocols that are backward compatible with the Category 5/5e and Category 3 cable standards. Compared with Cat-5 and Cat-5e, Cat-6 features more stringent specifications for crosstalk and system noise. Figure 7 : Cat6 Advantages : Cat 6 will be very effective in the residential market to support higher Internet access speeds. The better balance of cat6 will make it easier to meet the residential EMC requirements compared to cat 5e cabling. The growth of streaming media applications to the home will increase the need for higher data rates which are supported more easily and efficiently by category 6 cabling. Disadvantages : It transfer data in Gigabytes per seconds. It is costly. Fiber optic cable : Fiber optic cables are made up of glass, and they transmit data in the form of light, unlike the copper wire that uses electrical signals. A reflective coating that allows light beams to travel without outer interference covers the glass cable. Figure 8 : Fiber optic cables The advantages of Fiber optic cables are that signals can be sent at a much higher speed and to very long distances without the risk of outer interference. There are more advantages of fiber optic cables are : System Performance Greatly increased bandwidth and capacity Lower signal attenuation (loss) Immunity to Electrical Noise No crosstalk Lower bit error rates Signal Security Difficult to tap Overall System Economy Low per-channel cost Lower installation cost Disadvantages of fiber optic cable : One problems with optical fibers is that the electrical information signals must be converted (modulated) to light at the transmitter and then down converted (demodulated) from light back to electrical signals at the receiver. The main disadvantage of fiber optics is that the cables are expensive to install and are more fragile than metal wire and are more difficult to split. Coaxial cable : Coaxial cable, or coax, is an electrical cable with an inner conductor surrounded by a tubular insulating layer typically of a flexible material with a high dielectric constant, all of which are surrounded by a conductive layer called the shield, and finally covered with a thin insulating layer on the outside. Figure 9 : Coaxial cable Advantages of coaxial cables are : Coax has a sufficient frequency range to support multiple channels, which allows for much greater throughput. Compared to twisted-pair, coax provides greater bandwidth systemwide, and it also offers greater bandwidth for each channel. Because it has greater bandwidth per channel, it supports a mixed range of services. Voice, data, and even video and multimedia can benefit from the enhanced capacity. Disadvantages of coaxial cables are : More expensive than twisted pairs and is not supported for some network standards (eg token ring), its also very bulky and also has high attenuation so would have the need to implement repeaters etc. Task 1 (c) From our above investigation and determination that BUSS topology is too much vulnerable. Ring topology creates too much redundant link. MASS topology is more expensive and difficult to install. So Star topology will be the best solution for the network of the headquarter of police department in Townsville. Because, according to our investigation here are the key points. Good performance; Reliable (if one connection fails, it doesnt affect others); Easy to replace, install or remove hosts or other devices. There are several medium we have found but we have decided to use Cat6 cable as medium for this network. TASK 2 Task 2 (a) After investigate I have many internet service in my country. The Internet Services are : Broadband Internet Service, Fiber Optic Internet Services, Radio Link Internet Services, WiFi etc. Broadband Internet Service : Broadband Internet access, often shortened to just broadband, is a high data rate Internet access-. Fiber Optic Internet Service : An optical fiber is a glass or plastic fiber that carries light along its length. fiber optics is the overlap of applied science and engineering concerned with the design and application of optical fibers. Radio Link Internet Service : Radio Link Protocol (RLP) is an automatic repeat request (ARQ) fragmentation protocol used over a wireless (typically cellular) air interface WiFi Technology : Wi-Fi works with no physical wired connection between sender and receiver by using radio frequency (RF) technology, a frequency within the electromagnetic spectrum associated with radio wave propagation. When an RF current is supplied to an antenna, an electromagnetic field is created that then is able to propagate through space. The cornerstone of any wireless network is an access point (AP). But I think it will be best to use Fiber Optic Internet Services for the police department of Townsville. Because, it has so many advantages and this may be the best way for the police department of Townsville. Task 2 (b) The police department in Townsville needs an own server to maintain their all information that are so confidential. If they use other server then that confidential data may be lost. Server needs to high configured PC with high speed Internet speed, cooling system (because, all time the server will be opened), a big storages and finally it requires the best and secure operating system such as Linux or Windows 200 Server. There are different people in the headquarter house who needs different type of internet connection based on their designation and responsibility. Here is a comparison list of each person to show what internet connection is required for whom. The Chief Constable The Chief Constable, who is responsible for the policing of that area, needs more powerful configuration than others. He needs 2 MBPS internet speed. The assistant Chief Constable The assistant Chief Constable assist to the Chief Constable and he needs higher configuration than others but lower than the Chief Constable a little bit. It needs 1 MBPS internet speed. District Commander The policing in each district is the responsibility of a district command. They need 512KBPS internet speed. Deputy District Commander The deputy district command assist to the district commander. They need 512 KBPS internet speed. For sergeants and constables Each district has three sergeants and twenty four constables allocated to it. And they need also 512 KBPS internet speed. The police officers Each district has five police car to patrolling the area and responding the incidents. The police officer also patrols the local area on foot. The police officer needs 512 KBPS for it. A large office Each district has its own large office within the headquarters building and requires a workstation for each district commander and for each deputy district commander. They need 512KBPS for their job. Detective Chief Inspector They need 1 MBPS internet speeds also. Because, they need to search, make a report, send and get any information easily and quickly. Detective Inspector The detective inspector assist to the Detective Chief Inspector. So they also heed 1 MPBS internet speeds. The civilian staff The police department also has twenty civilian staff, responsible for general administration work including operating the telephone system and general administration duties. They need 512 KBPS internet speed. Task 2 (c) There are so many Internet Service Provider (ISP) in Bangladesh. Such as : Accesstel.net : http://www.accesstel.net/home.php it has the best package that name Corporate High-Speed Internet. Bangladesh Online : http://www.bol-online.com/ Bijoy Online Limited : http://www.bijoy.net/ Grameen Cyber Net Limited : http://www.gclweb.net/ Dhaka Com : http://www.dhakacom.com/ Task 2 (d) I recommend to use Accesstel.net for Internet Service Providers (ISP). Because, they have more facilities with low price. TASK-3 Task-3 (a) Characteristics of Private Mobile Radio (PMR) : Provides, for example, taxi firms with local radio communications on a single channel. Communications are half duplex, so this requires strict operating procedures to control conversation (for example use of key words such as over and out). Requires a license from the appropriate government department. Bandwidth and channel availability is limited. Coverage area is limited. Disadvantages of PMR : Lack of privacy as all communications take place on a single channel that anyone with a suitable radio receiver can listen to. Coverage limitations (25 km radius max). Generally, PRM services have only one base station covering the area of operation of the company. If a mobile unit exceeds these boundaries communications are lost. Public Trunked Mobile Radio (PTMR) : PTMR was originally designed for voice communications but it can also support data. It communication area half duplex. Characteristics of PTMR : The prime application suited to PTMR is vehicle fleet communications. Half duplex voice communication is provided, using over and out etc. to control conversation flow. Some PTMR radio sets have a data port, usually RS-232. Data is transmitted at 1.2 Kbit/s. Task-3 (b) Legal requirements are : Requirements of frequencies For omni directional and point to multi-point system Sl Symbol Frequency Range (Lower Limit Exclusive, Upper Limit Inclusive) 1 VLF 3~30 KHz 200.00 2 LF 30~300 KHz 200.00 3 MF 300~3000KHz 200.00 4 HF 3~30 MHz 300.00 5 VHF 30~300 MHz 100.00 6 UHF1 300~1000 MHz 50.00 7 UHF2 1000~3000 MHz 30.00 8 SHF 3~16 GHz 20.00 9 SHF2 EHF1 16~65 GHz 10.00 10 EHF2 65~300 GHz 1.00 1 VLF 3~30 KHz 200.00 2 LF 30~300 KHz 200.00 3 MF 300~3000KHz 200.00 4 HF 3~30 MHz 300.00 5 VHF 30~300 MHz 100.00 6 UHF1 300~1000 MHz 50.00 7 UHF2 1000~3000 MHz 30.00 8 SHF 3~16 GHz 20.00 9 SHF2 EHF1 16~65 GHz 10.00 10 EHF2 65~300 GHz 1.00 1 VLF 3~30 KHz 200.00 2 LF 30~300 KHz 200.00 3 MF 300~3000KHz 200.00 4 HF 3~30 MHz 300.00 5 VHF 30~300 MHz 100.00 6 UHF1 300~1000 MHz 50.00 7 UHF2 1000~3000 MHz 30.00 8 SHF 3~16 GHz 20.00 9 SHF2 EHF1 16~65 GHz 10.00 10 EHF2 65~300 GHz 1.00 1 VLF 3~30 KHz 200.00 2 LF 30~300 KHz 200.00 3 MF 300~3000KHz 200.00 4 HF 3~30 MHz 300.00 For UHF, M/W, EHF point to point links per year basis Sl Frequency Range (Lower Limit Exclusive, Upper Limit Inclusive) 1 UHF 1 ~3 GHz 2 M/W 3 GHz ~16 GHz 3 M/W 16 GHz ~65 GHz 4 M/W 65 GHz ~100 GHz 5 Above 100 GHz Requirements of license Srl Category of Licence License Remarks 01 International Gateway (IGW) Services 4 including BTCL 02 Interconnection Exchange (ICX) Services 3 including BTCL 03 International Internet Gateway (IIG) Services 2 including BTCL 04 Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) 2 05 Cellular Mobile Telecom Operator 6 including Taletalk 06 Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) Operator 14 including BTCL 07 Nationwide Telecommunication Transmission Network (NTTN) Services Provider 2 08 Nationwide Optical Fibre Telecommunication Transmission Network 1 09 Pre-Paid Card Service Operator 2 10 Vehicle Tracking Services 3 11 Internet Protocol Telephony Service Provider Nationwide 26 12 Internet Protocol Telephony Service Provider Central Zone 4 13 Internet Protocol Telephony Service Provider Zonal 3 14 Internet Service Provider Nationwide 101 15 Internet Service Provider Central Zone 81 16 Internet Service Provider Zonal 54 17 Internet Service Provider Category A 102 18 Internet Service Provider Category B 16 19 Internet Service Provider Category C 5 20 VSAT User 53 21 VSAT Provider 14 22 VSAT Provider with HUB 5 23 Call Centre 315 24 Hosted Call Centre 58 25 Hosted Call Centre Service Provider 47 26 International Call Centre 2 Total Number of Present Licenses 925 Task-3 (c) Requirements of some equipment are : Space/Ground/Land; House/Room; Wireless; Handsets; Cable; Transmitter etc. The estimation cost for everything to setup this system Frequency cost 200 taka or more for per Khz in per year. Equipment cost around 1000000 taka. So, total estimating cost around 10,000000 or above. Task-3 (d) Limitation of PMR : Lack of privacy; Coverage limitations (25 km radium max); Congestion, as many users are assigned to a single channel. Limitation of PTMR : It has time limitation, if large amounts of data have to be transmitted. Task-3 (e) I recommend using Private Mobile Radio (PMR) to set up voice communication. Because, it has not noise, cost efficiency, frequency rate good, international standard, Confidentiality etc. TASK 4 Task 4 (a) The main equipment that would be installed are : Telephone instruments. Private Branch Exchanges (PBXs). Key Telephone Systems (KTSs). Automatic Call Distribution (ACD) systems. Voice Processing Systems. Telephone Answering Machines. Telephone Call Information Loggers (CIL). Facsimile Machines. Modems. Local Area Network (LAN) Bridges. Local Area Network (LAN) Routers. Multiplexers. Task 4 (b) The available features for this systems are : PBXs A private branch exchange (PBX) is a telephone exchange that serves a particular business or office, as opposed to one that a common carrier or telephone company operates for many businesses or for the general public. PBXs are also referred to as: * PABX private automatic branch exchange * EPABX electronic private automatic branch exchange Figure 10 How PBX works Features of PBXs : Account Code: Account code for dialing calls Alternate Number Ring: Assign a different number to same line that rings with a different cadence Attendant: Main Operator extension Autodialer: Support multiple autodialing techniques Automatic Attendant PBX Automatic Line Selection Automatic Hold PBX Automatic Redial Automated directory: Automatically connect to an extension by name Automatic Call Distribution: ACD Barge-In: Allow an extension to break into a call at another extension Billed Calls Only: Outgoing calls must be collect or 3rd-party billed Boss-secretary functions: The bosses phone and the secretarys phone are linked togheter PBX Busy Ring Call Back Call Center: Organizations using PBX technology Call Forwarding: Redirects all incoming calls towards other extension Call Monitoring Call Recording Call Return: Call Through: Service for savings on local interconnect charges Call Transfer: Hand a call off to another extension Call Trace: mark a call in system logs as requiring tracing or special attention Call Park: Place a call on hold and allow anyone to dial an extension and take the call Call Pickup: Take a parked call off hold KTSs A key system or key telephone system is a multiline telephone system typically used in small office environments. Key was a Bell System term of art for a manually operated switch, such as the line-buttons on the phones associated with such systems. A key system was originally distinguished from a private branch exchange (PBX) in that it allowed the station user to see and control the calls directly, manually, using lighted line buttons. Key systems are noted for their expandability and having individual line selection buttons for each connected phone line, however some features of a private branch exchange such as dialable intercoms may also commonly be present. Key systems can be built using three principal architectures: * Electromechanical shared-control * Electronic shared-control * Independent keysets The features of KTSs : 1. AUTOMATED ATTENDANT/VOICE ANNOUNCEMENT allows you to record a greeting (20 second maximum) that the incoming caller will hear after one ring. The caller may then select one of the options offered in the recording which will ring the extension of the desired party. A typical business recording might be Thank you for calling LeePhones.com. 2. AUTOMATIC FAX RECOGNITION when utilizing the AUTOMATED ATTENDANT, the system will recognize an incoming fax, and will automatically route to the fax machines extension. This feature saves you money by freeing up dedicated fax lines for voice or other uses. 3. AUTO ANSWER allows extensions with a key phone to receive internal intercom calls directly through their speaker phone without having to pickup the handset. 4. INTERCOM allows private communication between system users. IPS Key Telephones can dial another internal extension by simply pressing the button or key associated with the other extension . 5. DIRECT CALLER ACCESS TO EXTENSIONS when utilizing the AUTOMATED ATTENDANT, the incoming caller may, upon hearing the recorded greeting, connect to any desired extension by dialing the three digit extension number (100 to 107 on the IPS308, 100 to 115 on the IPS416) 6. SYSTEM PROGRAMMING VIA PC OR PHONE one of the most significant features of the IPS is the ability to program its features utilizing the IPS programming software. The softwares graphics, help menus, and cue cards make programming simple from start to finish. 7. CALLER ID (requires caller id option and an IPS Key Telephone) displays incoming caller name and number on all Key Telephones with display. 8. MUSIC ON HOLD a micro-mini input port on the IPS may be connected to any external music source (tape, CD, radio, or continuous play advertising message) to provide background sound for incoming callers while transferring to a desired extension or while remaining on hold. 9. ALARM CLOCK allows an extension to preset a specified time for a reminder ring or wake-up call. Task 4 (c) The cost of equipment and installation : There are user who will use these equipments The Chief Constable The assistant Chief Constable District Commander Deputy District Commander Sergeants and constables The police officers Detective Chief Inspector Detective Inspector The civilian staff Equipment Users with quantity Quantity Price (tk) Telephone instruments The Chief Constable 5 The assistant Chief Constable 3 District Commander 3 Deputy District Commander 3 Sergeants and constables 3 The police officers 2 Detective Chief Inspector 4 Detective Inspector 3 The civilian staff 2 28 70,000 Private Branch Exchanges (PBXs) The Chief Constable 1 Detective Chief Inspector 1 2 1,58,482 Key Telephone Systems (KTSs) The Chief Constable 1 The assistant Chief Constable 1 District Commander 1 Deputy District Commander 1 Sergeants and constables 1 The police officers 1 Detective Chief Inspector 1 Detective Inspector 1 The civilian staff 1 9 15,752 Automatic Call Distribution (ACD) systems The Chief Constable 1 The assistant Chief Constable 1 Chief Inspector 1 Detective Inspector 1 4 9252 Voice Processing Systems The Chief Constable 1 The assistant Chief Constable 1 District Commander 1 Deputy District Commander 1 Detective Chief Inspector 1 Detective Inspector 1 6 1,72,000 Telephone Answering Machines The Chief Constable 1 The assistant Chief Constable 1 District Commander 1 Deputy District Commander 1 Detective Chief Inspector 1 5 15,000 Telephone Call Information Loggers (CIL) The Chief Constable 1 The assistant Chief Constable 1 District Commander 1 The police officers 1 Detective Chief Inspector 1 5 44,5000 Facsimile Machines The Chief Constable 1 Detective Chief Inspector 1 2 5,500 Modems The Chief Constable 1 The assistant Chief Constable 1 District Commander 1 Deputy District Commander 1 Sergeants and constables 1 The police officers 1 Detective Chief Inspector 1 Detective Inspector 1 The civilian staff 1 9 36,000 Local Area Network (LAN) Bridges Just two bridges can be supported for all. 2 10,500 Local Area Network (LAN) Routers Just two routers can be supported for all. 2 45,00 Multiplexers 5 1,17,250 Total Cost : 754784.00 Task 4 (d) The cost of operating the system : Actually this system will be so much benefited. It needs so much high configuration system. The estimated cost for this system about 7,54,784.00 taka or more. Task 4 (e) I described both of two systems. But I will recommend to use PBXs. Because, it has so many advantages. The advantages of PBX are : 1. It is much easier to install and configure than a normal home line. Anyone that can handle a computer and is familiar with Windows features can install it. If you are familiar with networking computers is in good shape. You dont have to have someone come out to your location and install and hook things up. It is in your hands and not in someone elses. 2. It is easier to manage. IP PBX can be managed in a web based configuration interface or a GUI. This allows you to fine tune and maintain you phone system. Once again, if you are dealing with a regular home line you have to rely on a technician. 3. Significant cost savings when you use voip service providers. This is a big deal right now as we are all trying to cut back and save money. You can easily connect phone systems between branches and make free phone calls. 4. You can eliminate phone wiring. This is something that can bring a comfort to a business owner. Software phones can be installed directly onto the computer. You can now have much more control over adding and moving of extensions in your office. In new offices you can eliminate the extra ports completely. 5. Eliminate vendor lock in. This is exciting because you are now taking your phone services into your own hands and you dont have to make decisions based on one company. You can mix and match in order to gain the best savings. Task 5 Police Department Automation To, Police Department Headquarter Introduction: To develop a new automation system for Townsville Police Department I have investigate to find the best network topology among many topologies and recommend one topology that suits best for police department. Summary: In the above investigation I have tried to find the most convenient system for police department. Here are the key points that I found: Among various topologies Star Topology will be the best solution to setup the network for the police department. Investigating the best network medium for the network. Investigating for best internet connection and connection that may require operating the system smoothly. Investigating in details the methods of operating two-way voice communication, the legal requirements to setup two-way voice communication, costs, limitation of each system etc. The main equipment for the telephone system that would be installed, each systems features, cost of equipment installation and operating it. Strength of this report: The strengths of the report are: There are many networks type I have shown, we can easily determine which one is best for this type network Details breakdown Well organized and readable and understandable by non-technical people. Costs break-down of the system setup. Weekness of this report: There some weakness in my report and investigation. To collect data I have faced many difficulties. Also there is no system in my country that run this or similar type network. I could do well if could get some more time. Assumption: Costs Some network equipments etc. Conclusion When I was doing this assignment, I got many difficulties which I got solved from discussion with others and from my teacher help. I have tried to gather as much as detailed information.