Theory of Management

Question : Discuss about the Theory of Management ? Answer : Communication Theory It would be correct to say that both verbal and nonverbal communication is integral part of communication. It is also important to mention that communication is much more than talking. In fact, the effectiveness of any communication depends a lot on then listening skills of the parties involved in the communication process. The objective of this paper is to discuss a communication event and analyze the event with any established model or theory of communication. Simply defined, communication is a two way process in which the data or information flows from source to receiver. The communication can be verbal or non verbal in nature. However, the communication would definitely involve more than one person (Eberhardt Schwaiger, 2016). It is also correct to say that communication could be intentional and unintentional in nature. There are cases when we are in the process of interacting with other people but we are not aware of that. The communication event that I would discuss in this paper is the communication between my friend and his landlord. This event happened when my friend (Ricky) visited a family to rent a flat. Ricky wanted to have a positive impression in the minds of the landlord (Mr. Dcosta). In fact, Mr. Dcosta invited Ricky for a quick chat. I happened to be with Ricky at that time. The entire communication event was not a lengthy event. The communication lasted for close to 25 minutes. The good thing is that Ricky was able to impress Mr. Dcosta and he was able to get the flat for rent. The event started with few direct questions. Mr. Dcosta wanted to known about the family background of Ricky. Once the questions and answers session was done, Ricky took the driver started and he started to negotiate the rent with Mr. Dcosta. The communication was mainly verbal in nature. However, it also included certain elements of non-verbal communication. Some of the non-verbal communication channels or gesture s observed during the communication process were behavior of Rocky, eye contact made by Mr. Dcosta etc. There are two types of communication models that could be used. The first model is the transmission model and the second model is the transactional model. The transmission model sees communication as the transfer of messages from source to receiver, using a medium (Bishop, 2014). At the same time, the transactional model sees communication as the creation or negotiation of meaning in two or more parties responding to their environment and each other. Another model of non-verbal communication could be applied in this case. There are various aspects of non-verbal communication that matters a lot. These aspects would include the dressing sense, the greeting sense. Ricky was able to get the better deal he was confident about himself. He had a high self-esteem and this helped him to negotiate in an effective manner. The use of the communication models in this event can be discussed as: The above communication event could be analyzed further with couple of communication theories. One of the most basic models of communication that could be applied in this scenario is AIDA model. AIDA stands for Attention, Interest, Desire and Action (Rawal, 2013). The AIDA model could be applied in the pre-stage of the meeting. This was the time when Ricky saw the advertisement of the flat on a social media network. The son of Mr. Dcosta floated that advertisement with the contact number of Mr. Dcosta. This advertisement grabbed the attention of Ricky. He was interested in the flat and he showed the desire by calling Mr. Dcosta. This desire was followed by the action of personal meeting between Mr. Dcosta and Ricky. Another communication model that could be applied in this case is Westely and Maclean communication model. This model suggests that communication begins only when a person receives message from surroundings (Manca, 2015). Each receiver responds to the message they received based on their object of orientation. There were a lot of external parameters that could be applied in this case. The external parameters or the surrounding factors would include the recommendation of family members of Mr. Dcosta, the suggestions given by friends of Ricky, the non verbal parameters at the time of meeting, the initial perception of both the parties etc. Another communication model that could be used in the above situation is face-negotiation theory. This theory may not be applied directly in the situation. However, the theory can be applied indirectly as Ricky wanted to negotiate the best deal. This theory suggests that the negotiation between two parties depends a lot on the external or the cultural factors. Therefore, it is important that the parties involved in the negotiation should have a holistic understanding of the other parties involved in the negotiation process (Fletcher, 2014). The theories discussed in the above paper like AIDA model, Westely and Maclean, Face-Negotiation model could be applied to various communication events. These theories are useful from a theoretical perspective and it can also have practical implications. It is believed that the theoretical framework acts as the basis of any practical implications. Therefore, I believe that the theories are useful and could be applied across various communication events. It is also possible that various theories could be applicable to a single event. While applying the multiple theories to a single event, it is important that the theories should be prioritized in order of the relevance. References Bishop, J., 2014. Representations of trolls in mass media communication: a review of media-texts and moral panics relating to internet trolling. International Journal of Web Based Communities, 10(1), pp.7-24. Eberhardt, J.E. and Schwaiger, M., 2016, July. The impact of mass media on corporate reputationan empirical investigation of media topics, their amount and v alence. In 2016 Global Marketing Conference at Hong Kong (pp. 1239-1240). Fletcher, C.V., Nakazawa, M., Chen, Y.W., Oetzel, J.G., Ting-Toomey, S., Chang, S.J. and Zhang, Q., 2014. Establishing cross-cultural measurement equivalence of scales associated with face-negotiation theory: A critical issue in cross-cultural comparisons. Journal of International and Intercultural Communication, 7(2), pp.148-169. Manca, L. 2015. A Hypothesis about the Role of Gateopener in the Westley-MacLean Model. Interdisciplinary Essays on Environment and Culture: One Planet, One Humanity, and the Media, 69. Rawal, P. 2013. AIDA Marketing Communication Model: Stimulating a purchase decision in the minds of the consumers through a linear progression of steps.IRCs International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research in Social Management,1, 37-44.

To what extent have the burden of duties and responsibilities catalyzed Gregor’s metamorphosis Essay Example For Students

To what extent have the burden of duties and responsibilities catalyzed Gregor’s metamorphosis? Essay Franz Kafka, born in 1883, a Jewish Austrian author, published the novella ‘the metamorphosis’ in 1915. He has portrayed a life of failure in the extraordinary sequence of metamorphosis of a decent man into a worthless bug. The extravagancy of the story and the powerful themes presented in the book was the reflection of the consequences of Kafka’s private life. Somehow, he has injected his social and political views in the fictional character of the story, and has tried to narrate his experiences and criticize certain political and cultural issues. The author has attributed the main character using his own characteristics, as effects of medium-level schizoid, a personality disorder, has been appeared in the traits of the persona, which it supposedly influenced Kafka in most of his works. We will write a custom essay on To what extent have the burden of duties and responsibilities catalyzed Gregor’s metamorphosis? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Franz Kafka has created a surreal world for the main protagonist, where the character has lost its senses, and has been metaphorically entered into an emotional black hole and does not know that his good intentions to support his family and be a decent employee has been the influence of his metamorphosis. Gregor Samsa has been described to be a â€Å"man of duties†. Military services, at the younger stages of the character’s life, as the author has described, is the character’s only â€Å"good memory† left, as Gregor had a picture of himself as a lieutenant, â€Å"smiling and worry free, with his hands on his sword, demand respect for his bearing and uniform†. The author, by the use of diction makes the reader to instantly realize the bizarreness of the main character, and foreshadows the decay and deterioration in the character’s life, as the irony of ‘good memories in military services’, opposes readers expectations. However, t his might be an allegory to the famous events of war, during the early 20th century. Kafka, has tried to portray Gregor’s life as a war, where a feared, selfless man would have no chance surviving from the fierce flames of fire. By that means, aggression is the only solution of survival from the life of an insect, which is a sign of rebellion from the author to objectify the purpose of war, and the society’s belief in physical power to be the critical key of success. Gregor is â€Å"concerned about his parents and his sister†, and the fact that he has given up everything on his private life, and works to pay off his family’s debts, shows his true love for his family. Kafka illustrates his beliefs in independency and freedom of the societies, by debilitating the persona from bearing the burden of his family’s debts. This signifyies the immorality of a dependent society, as his family is powerless and vulnerable in a capitalistic society, which is the cause of his alienation. Consequently, â€Å"a slight indisposition, a dizzy spell†, prevents Gregor to be an ordinary human. Although, Gregor has been using different factors and reasons to excuse his reluctant behavior towards a change in his lifestyle, his parents have affected his situation tremendously, whereas â€Å"if it wasn’t for his parents’ sake, he could have quit ages ago†. Despite that he has been alienated from his family, they still live under the same roof, simply because of the financial weariness of the family. Despite Gregor’s gratis efforts for his family, the perfect example of a dramatic irony is when he has not been appreciated by his parents, and has been treated as a worker as they have â€Å"simply got used to it†. The author escalates the dramatic tension, as a socially ill person who is incapable of communicating with his environment has to bear the excruciating pain of the ignorance of his parents towards himself. Kafka might have been influenced by his own life, as the settings and the characteristics of the novella is very similar to that o f his own. Gregor’s relationship with his father, may have been a slight indication to Kafka’s family and his inability to correlate with his parents especially, his father. .u29bd3d33d4337db3c13bed38901f7fab , .u29bd3d33d4337db3c13bed38901f7fab .postImageUrl , .u29bd3d33d4337db3c13bed38901f7fab .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u29bd3d33d4337db3c13bed38901f7fab , .u29bd3d33d4337db3c13bed38901f7fab:hover , .u29bd3d33d4337db3c13bed38901f7fab:visited , .u29bd3d33d4337db3c13bed38901f7fab:active { border:0!important; } .u29bd3d33d4337db3c13bed38901f7fab .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u29bd3d33d4337db3c13bed38901f7fab { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u29bd3d33d4337db3c13bed38901f7fab:active , .u29bd3d33d4337db3c13bed38901f7fab:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u29bd3d33d4337db3c13bed38901f7fab .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u29bd3d33d4337db3c13bed38901f7fab .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u29bd3d33d4337db3c13bed38901f7fab .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u29bd3d33d4337db3c13bed38901f7fab .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u29bd3d33d4337db3c13bed38901f7fab:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u29bd3d33d4337db3c13bed38901f7fab .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u29bd3d33d4337db3c13bed38901f7fab .u29bd3d33d4337db3c13bed38901f7fab-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u29bd3d33d4337db3c13bed38901f7fab:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Telephone Conversation EssayGregor’s sister, Grete, is another character that Kafka has used to illustrate Gregor’s dependency, and his abnormal metamorphosis into a beetle. Grete is the person who takes care of Gregor, which clearly indicates the unconventional circumstances of Gregor, literalizes the metamorphosis, and removes the story from the shed of dreams, and surrealism, as if he was really transformed into an insect. Gret is the only character that shows pity for Gregor, and treats him as a human and most important of all as her brother. However, Kafka moderately changes the views of Grete on Gregor, as Gregor reveals himself to the boarders. Grete f eeds him and helps him in ordinary things, but she gets disgusted by his bug like, sordid actions. She gave up on her and realized that â€Å"the only solution was that, Gregor must go†, and that’s where the effects of schizoid emerges in Kafka’s distinct writing style. He isolates Gregor and tortures him, as he turns Gregor’s sister, his only nurturer against him, which the abandoned feeling touches the readers mind and creates a claustrophobic mood, as a ‘human bug’ not only loses his job and identity but also his family. Gregor’s only occupation is his job, although â€Å"travelling is exhausting for him, but he couldn’t live without it†. Kafka by explaining Gregor’s â€Å"demanding job†, his tremendous â€Å"work stress† and â€Å"joyless life† is a symbolization of a prisoner who is being tortured everyday and cannot escape in any sort. However, his workaholic character and persistency in his job, endorsed his boss to be dominant towards him. Kafka, has exposed his political views, and has indirectly objected Nazism and also capitalism to some extent, by the use of diction and strong phrases such as, â€Å"with his fist†, or â€Å"behind his desk†, which explicitly elucidates the idea of the â€Å"power of a boss†, and the disastrous discriminations that Jews were suffering from, during Nazism in Austria. The author by explicating Gregor and his boss compares an ineffectual person in a capitalistic society, where power of a perso n defines his personality, to a bug, which is almost useless and incapable in an animalistic environment. Gregor had â€Å"nothing in his mind but business†, and his fear of losing the job has made his boss to take advantage of his paralyzed situation, therefore the sordid conditions would carry on until he would stand up to him, but Kafka showed no signs of rebellion, as the character Gregor, carried on living reluctantly. Although one cannot disregard the protagonist view of the author, as the Gregor finds himself in an extraordinary situation that challenges his will. The unsympathetic character, Gregor, initially struggles to redeem himself, and in the process of the novel, his identity gradually develops, as his positive qualities become evident to the reader. Of all the factors and characters’ role in the Gregor’s life, it is Gregor himself that has been the most heinous towards himself. Gregor’s characteristics, has made the other characters to be manipulative and to some extent the greediness of their actions towards Gregor, is the cause of ‘the metamorphosis’. The author describes Gregor’s career as a failure, whereas â€Å"other salesmen live like a harem women, and enjoy their life.†If he were to try to live the same life as them, his boss would â€Å"throw him up on the spot†, which again the power of the boss and his dominance against the employee has been emphasized, and is an indication to the Gregor’s over responsible nature, which has been recognized by his family and especially by his boss, whereas once being late from work, surprised his boss and caused him to go over to Gregor’s house to find out that â€Å"how could Gregor miss the train?†. The effe ct of Gregor’s duties and responsibilities on him was the preliminary cause of the metamorphosis. However, in an ordinary life, a responsible man, who provides for his family and tries to concur with his boss, in order to become a good employee, would not be treated as feckless beetle. Therefore, duties and responsibilities were not the only incites that provoked the metamorphosis, but the surreal environment, the ungrateful family, the financial situation, and most importantly Gregor himself were the catalysts of the metamorphosis of Gregor into a beetle.

The Whole Business With Kiffo and the Pitbull Essay Example

The Whole Business With Kiffo and the Pitbull Paper The whole business with Kiffo and the Pitbull is a humorous book written by the former teacher now Australian author, Barry Jonsberg. This novel is about a misunderstood troublemaker called Jarryd Kiffing (Kiffo), a mean and nasty teacher (potential drug dealer) called Miss Payne, and a journey through mystery, investigation and even death, all written from the perspective of a high school student, Calma Harrison. This essay explores the possible answers to why Kiffo is a victim to his upbringing and why it was not his fault that he did not have good influences; why there is too much expected of him at school; and why Kiffo had to live the life that was given to him. Kiffo is a victim of his upbringing due to one major reason; it was out of his control that he would be born into that family. It seems as though Kiffo does not have the right influences over all. His family were never really supportive of him and his â€Å"friends† are not the type of people you would want to hang out with. Take Jonno for example, he is a mysterious character that knows Kiffo through family ties. He is known, within the novel, to steal when he wants something or even worse, he gets Kiffo to steal for him. When Calma and Kiffo visit Jonno, they see a large mountain of beer bottles, this indicates that Jonno is a heavy drinker. â€Å"Kiffo flipped his empty, bottle of beer through the window where it exploded on what must have been a small mountain of broken glass. Jonno belched loudly and did the same† (Jonsberg, 2004: 181). Kiffo did not choose this life and is not happy with it, the reason Kiffo has not tried to do anything good in his life is becaus e of the bad influences such as Jonno. We will write a custom essay sample on The Whole Business With Kiffo and the Pitbull specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Whole Business With Kiffo and the Pitbull specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Whole Business With Kiffo and the Pitbull specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Kiffo is a victim of the education system by reason of him having his own free will to excel which is supported by the opportunities given to him in school. The question states that Kiffo is a victim, all though he can decide, whenever he wants, to change his attitude and

Petroleum Segment of the Energy Infrastructure

Petroleum Segment of the Energy Infrastructure Introduction Petroleum products are used in different sectors as energy and raw materials for various industries. According to Leffler and Raymond (2006), oil is one of the most important commodities in the world market. It has a massive impact on other sectors of the economy.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Petroleum Segment of the Energy Infrastructure specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the 19th and 20th centuries, the United States was the leading producer of oil in the world. It has since been surpassed by Saudi Arabia and Russia in production of oil. However, the government has been committing a lot of investment in this sector. The federal government has been keen to develop the infrastructure in the energy sector in order to boost production of energy. Although other units in the energy sector ,such as hydro, geothermal and wind energy power, have been given focus, attention has always been on the pe troleum sector. The United States has been willing to ensure that it has increased the volume of petroleum products that it produced. This has seen it improve the infrastructure in this sector to great extents. Recent studies show that the United States has the capacity of becoming the leading oil producer in the world based on the oil reserves that have been identified in the recent past. The focus of this study will be to bring an understanding of how oil exploration, production, storage, transport, and refinement take place. Exploration Oil exploration is one of the most complex and very expensive processes in petroleum production. Parkash (2003) defines petroleum exploration as, â€Å"The search by petroleum geologists and geophysicists for hydrocarbons deposits beneath the Earths surface, such as oil and natural gas.† This process involves different complex processes that would help in determining the presence of oil in a given region.Advertising Looking for rese arch paper on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the United States, oil exploration has evolved over the years, from the use of a simple tool to tap petroleum products that were near the surface to complex processes that can help determine the presence of oil in the deep seas. The cost of oil exploration has been the main hindrance to small scale oil exploration in the country. Oil exploration can take place at onshore or offshore sites. Some of the traditional ways of determining the presence of oil is the detection of oil or natural gas seeps on the surface of the earth. These are the crucial leads to many oil explorers. According to Parkash (2003), although there are currently many sophisticated tools that are used to detect the presence of petroleum, the seeps still act as crucial leads to the possibility of oil exploration beneath the ground. Exploration geophysics has been one of the most importa nt tools that are currently used to identify the presence of hydrocarbons deposit. As a result of the massive cost of drilling oil wells, there has been an increasing need to confirm that there is a substantial amount of oil in a given region before drilling of the wells can begin. Technological advancement has helped develop some tools that can assist in confirming that the amount of oil detected is worth exploring. This means that when a region is suspected to have oil deposits, it will be subjected to a series of sub-surface geological analyses. The first stage is always to subject the area to gravity survey. Special tools are used at this stage to determine how gravitational force is affected in that particular area. Significant presence of oil deposits would have an effect on the gravitational force, a fact that could point to the presence of oil. However, presence of ground water may have a similar effect, and this means that a further analysis is needed.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Petroleum Segment of the Energy Infrastructure specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The second stage will be magnetic survey. This is used to determine if the gravitational effect is caused by water or deposits of hydrocarbons. Magnetometer is used at this stage. The next stage would be to conduct a passive seismic survey. Parkash (2003) says, â€Å"Passive seismic is the detection of the natural low frequency earth movements, usually with the purpose of discerning the geological structure and locate the underground oil, gas, or other resources.† The natural frequency would be measured by close observation of seismic waves with the help of portable seismometers. Below is a picture of seismometer used in monitoring the flow of seismic waves. Seismometer When all these processes give a lead to a possible presence of oil in a given location, then it would be considered worth drilling an explorat ion well that would be the final test that a given region has potential oil deposits. In the United States, oil explorations have been extensively conducted in Georgia, Virginia, Ohio, New York, Oklahoma, Texas, Louisiana, and many other states in this country.Advertising Looking for research paper on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Offshore exploration, especially in the deep sea, has also been conducted to supplement the supplies found onshore. Although very expensive, offshore oil drilling is currently becoming very popular, especially among large American corporations. Production Petroleum production, also known as oil extraction, is the actual process of extracting usable petroleum from the earth. Upon a successful completion of the exploration process, the next step is always the extraction. This is another very costly process that involves numerous risks. It has been a preserve for the large specialized companies, such as Bio Tech Inc., that have been very successful in most of the oil fields in Texas. The first stage in oil extraction involves drilling of oil well at the site using oil rings. A steel pipe is then placed into the bore to enable the oil to move easily to the surface. At the top end of the pipe, there are collection valves, also known as Christmas Tree (Leffler, Pattarozzi and Sterling 201 1). It helps in controlling the flow and regulating the pressure. The figure below is Pump jack used in the extraction process. According to Zou (2013), oil extraction takes place in three main stages. The first, also known as the primary recovery stage, takes place when natural mechanisms are used to extract oil deposits into the surface. At this stage, such natural occurrences as displacement of oil by water and gravitational forces would help in the extraction of oil from the ground. This always takes place in cases where there are large deposits of oil. This stage is common in newly drilled wells. The second stage, also known as the secondary recovery stage, takes place when the natural forces become too weak to support the extraction process. This is common in cases where the extraction process has been ongoing for some time. The process involves supplying external energy into the reservoir in order to force oil deposits into the system. Totten (2003) notes that gas lifts are always used to inject carbon dioxide into the reservoir to help in forcing oil products into the drilling pipe. The third stage known as tertiary recovery is a complex process that uses different approaches to extract oil from the ground. Also known as thermally enhanced oil recovery process, this stage uses steam injection and fire flooding in order to extract oil from the ground. Sometimes it even becomes necessary to convert oil into electrical energy to further enhance the extraction process. The ultimate amount of oil that can be extracted from a given location depends on a number of factors. According to Parkash (2003), the most important factor that determines the amount of oil that can be extracted from a given area is the level of oil deposits. Large oil deposits would yield higher amounts of oil. Another important factor is the permeability of the rocks. Some rocks do not allow for a smooth flow of oil because they are tight. Such rocks inhibit the rate at which oil can be extracted from them. Finally, the technology used and the level of skills of the workforce will play some part in determining the amount and rate at which oil is extracted from the ground. Most of the oil extracting companies in the United States are known to use sophisticated tools in order to improve the speed and amount of oil extracted from the ground. This has helped them increase the efficiency of the entire process. Storage When petroleum products have been extracted from the ground, they must be temporarily stored before they are transported to the refinery plants. According to Parkash (2003), storage of petroleum products can be analyzed from two perspectives. The first perspective will analyze the storage process of the crude oil just before it is transported to refinery plants. The second perspective will be the storage of the processed products that are waiting for transportation to various retailing destinations. Storage of oil always takes place within a short while a s it awaits its transportation to the relevant destinations. Storage of crude oil may take place onshore or offshore. The approach taken to store oil extracted onshore is different from the approach taken to store that which is extracted offshore. Onshore crude oil storage is a simpler process that makes use of large cylindrical tanks constructed above or below the surface. The size of the tanks will depend on the amount of oil that is extracted per unit time, and the speed of the transportation system. It is important to ensure that the storage tanks are of the standard materials because any leakage of the crude oil may have a devastating effect on the environment. Several government agencies and environmental organizations have developed requirements that should be followed when designing such tanks. This is meant to enhance environmental protection and security of the employees and infrastructure within the plant or its surrounding. The petroleum products extracted offshore are a lways stored with the help of floating production, storage and offloading unit (Zou 2013). This is a complex unit that does not only help in the production process but also in its storage while it awaits tankers that would be used in the transportation process. The figure below shows the unit on high seas. When the crude oil has been processed into such products as liquid petroleum gas, petrol, kerosene, or heavy fuels, temporary storage of these products is needed before they can be transported to the market. Storage of these final products is a very complex process that requires a high level of safety measures. Liquid petroleum gas and petrol are highly flammable products, and their storage at the refinery plants needs specialized equipment. According to Leffler (2008), emerging technologies have helped improvise storage equipment that is efficient in storing refined petroleum products. Transport Transportation is the nest stage in this process. Transportation of petroleum produc ts always takes place with the help of pipelines, tank trucks, marine vessels, rail tanks, and many other vessels. Although crude oil is majorly transported using pipelines and tankers, the refined products require unique transport systems that take into consideration their true nature. For instance, the transport method used for liquid petroleum gas may not be appropriate when transporting heavy fuels, such as diesel. Each product has its own unique transportation vessel to enhance safety of the people handling the products, the society, and the environment. Transportation of gasoline must be done through specialized pipelines, tanks, and such other containers that will restrict its exposure to the air. This is so because the product is highly flammable and can have devastating effects when exposed to air and flame. Liquid petroleum gas is stored and transported at temperatures below -162 degrees centigrade. This helps ensure that the product remains in a liquid state. The main adv antage of liquefaction of the product is that it consumes a smaller space than when stored in a gaseous form. This helps in storing and transportation of a large amount of the gaseous energy in a small container. This also reduces the possibility of the product to evaporate from the containers. The transportation equipment must have the ability to maintain the temperatures of the product at low temperatures to avoid the possibility of transformation into gas. If the product turns into gaseous form, it can cause a massive explosion as it will be trying to force its way out of the container. Large tankers have been widely used in the transportation of liquefied petroleum gas in the mainland. The figure below shows a large track used to transport LPG from the refinery to various consumer outlets in the United States. In the United States, pipelines have been popular when transporting petrol and other heavy fuels, such as diesel and kerosene. Pipelines are efficient because of their sp eed and cost-effectiveness. This eliminates the need for large tank tracks that are associated with more labor cost, raised negative effect on the environment, destruction of roads, and increased rates of the traffic jam. However, it needs close monitoring and evaluation to ensure that any leakage is detected and corrected before it can cause negative effects on the environment. Some of the widely used pipelines include flow lines, gathering and feeder lines, crude trunk lines, and petroleum product trunk lines (Leffler, Pattarozzi and Sterling 2011). Other heavy products, such as bitumen are transported in sizable drums. Refinement and distribution of oil throughout the U.S Refinery of petroleum products is a complex process that involves a series of activities within the refinery plant. Zou (2013) defines refinery process as, â€Å"A series of chemical engineering processes that are used to transform crude oil into useful products such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), gasoline o r petrol, kerosene, jet fuel, diesel oil and fuel oils.† The scholar says that the processes that take place during the refinery are so complex that it may not be easy to describe them in a layman’s language. However, the process can be summarized into some of the general stages that crude oil is subjected to before it can produce the desired products. The figure below is a simple diagrammatic representation of what takes place in a refinery plant. As shown in the diagram, crude oil is a combination of several products that are needed in various sectors to provide energy. In the refinery plant, crude oil is poured into a large boiler. The boiler is connected to a distillation chamber as shown in the above diagram. The boiler is superheated, forcing its content into the distillation column. At this distillation column, different products will be obtained based on their boiling points in a process known as fractional distillation. Light petroleum products, such as liquid petroleum gas, will be collected first because of their low boiling points. Gasoline and kerosene will follow. Heavy petroleum products, such as asphalt, would come out of the distillation chamber last. Although the diagram shows a simple process, the actual refinery process is complex and involves the use of a series of machines. Some of the leading oil refinery plants in the United States include Cherry Point in Washington, Whiting in Indiana, Toledo in Ohio, Cooper River, Texas City in Texas, and Decatur in Alaska. These products are then sold to some of the major distributors of petroleum products using the above mentioned transport methods. These distributors will make the products available by any appropriate means. Security measures in place to ensure safety of the oil sector Oil sector is the backbone of all other industries in the American economy. Accidents in this sector or acts of terrorism targeted towards it may have devastating effects. For this reason, security meas ures are crucial to ensure that this sector operates without any threat of accidents or terrorist actions. Measures and codes of conduct have been put in place to enhance security and safety of this sector. These measures were under review, especially after the Texas City Refinery explosion in 2005. The diagram below shows the massive destruction that was caused by this explosion. Fifteen people died while over 170 others sustained serious injuries. The security measures define the standards and codes of conduct that should be observed in all the stages defined. According to Mora and Cooney (2007), dangers in this sector begin during the exploration process, to the time the product is finally consumed. Government bodies have set standards that seek to ensure that exploration is done in a way that does not expose dangers to the environment. The policies define tools that should be used in the exploration and drilling processes. The recent deep sea oil spillage involving BP is a clea r indication of dangers that may occur when these policies are ignored. At the refinery plant, there are guidelines that define the infrastructure to be used and code that must be followed during the processing of the products. The government has also established tough laws to regulate the transportation of these products, such as the Safety Standards for Conveyers and Related Equipment. Conclusion Petroleum products are very important to many sectors of the economy because they offer the energy needed to drive various machines and instruments. The process of coming up with these products is very complex. It starts with the exploration, extraction, transport, refinery, storage, and finally distribution to various outlets within the country and in other overseas markets. References Leffler, W. L. (2008). Petroleum refining in nontechnical language. Tulsa, Okla: PennWell. Leffler, W. L., Pattarozzi, R., Sterling, G. (2011). Deepwater petroleum exploration production: A nontechnical guide. Tulsa, Okla: PennWell Corp. Leffler, W. L., Raymond, M. (2006). Oil and gas production in nontechnical language. Tulsa, Okla: PennWell Corp. Mora, F. O., Cooney, J. W. (2007). Paraguay and the United States: Distant allies. Athens [u.a.: Univ. of Georgia Press. Parkash, S. (2003). Refining processes handbook. Amsterdam: Gulf Professional Pub. Totten, G. E. (2003). Fuels and lubricants handbook: Technology, properties, performance, and testing. West Conshohocken, Pa: ASTM International. Zou, C. (2013). Volcanic reservoirs in petroleum exploration. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Examine the nature and limits of the EU as a global actor with Assignment

Examine the nature and limits of the EU as a global actor with particular reference to trade, aid, security and politics regarding its relations with Ukraine - Assignment Example However, given the complex limits specified by EU to its member states, it has become impossible to admit Ukraine. Ukraine is considered a defiant member since in most occasions it has failed to agree on EU limits. On the other hand, the country has not upgraded to partnership status ‘similar to that accorded to Russia’ given its low volume on trade and quality of infrastructure. The incoming research will examine the nature of limits that have continued binding successfully status maturity. The report will demonstrate the power of European union in different perspectives, most especially sanctions against Russia. As well, the report will investigate EU security ability against possible aggression. The report will prove that the current political crises are not near conclusion given that membership into the union has taken a different form. The current problem began with Ukraine refusing to sign a trade deal with European Union. The treaty that was both an economic and political entity compelled Ukraine to be subjective to European Union. There were a number of political crises, which resulted to questions of corruption. Students and other young people constantly protested against the incoming and outgoing regimes. In fact, concerns of corruption polarized the entire scene. Militia who continued fighting in the countryside joined rowdy youths. As a result, the country has heavily been balkanized by gangs wanting to control different areas. The number of current segments is four. Meanwhile, Russia annexed Crimea due to gas concerns. This made the Kiev based government to panic. As such, Ukraine is being involved in one of the worst trading zone disputes of the 21st, century. As a result, the country has been entangled in a revolutionary political arena. At the center, the European Union (EU) backed by the United States is promoting policies, which compels Ukraine to

Obesity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 7

Obesity - Essay Example Apart from the social stigma that one may have to suffer, the health implications of obesity are much more expensive. According to Crawford (para, 2), 20% of population of all but fifteen states in the USA are obese and this number is increasing by the day. We all need to protect ourselves from obesity. B. Reason for listening: Obesity is becoming more and more common in the society and most of us have had or will have to deal with this issue either in ourselves or in people we love and care about. According to Childhood Obesity Facts (Para 1) obesity among children has doubled over the last thirty years. Obesity is not just a cultural issue, it is not just about the physical looks but rather it is a matter health. C. Credibility: Credibility: I have had some of my friends who have been affected by this issue. I can confidently say that I have experienced firsthand (or at least second had) the issues affecting obesity. Obesity is a cruel thing to deal with (Maureen). D. Enumerated Preview: Obesity is a serious issue with so many factors surrounding it. In this forum though, I wish to discuss three major issues which are pertinent with regard to the issue of obesity. These issues include, poor eating habit (fast food culture), laziness (lack of physical activities), and poverty which makes it harder for poor families to afford healthy food. II. The human body has its natural mechanisms of dealing with various issues. As disused above, when an individual takes in carbohydrates (energy-giving-foods), the extra energy is converted and stored in the form of fat thus resulting in fat accumulation. This means that people can reduce fat accumulation through exercise to burn the stored fats. There are vicarious ways of exercising which include; III. Poverty is probably at the apex of the issues influencing increasing rates of obesity in the United States as statistics show that poorer families are at a higher risk of obesity than those which are economically

Eygpt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Eygpt - Essay Example Soon anti-government protests were seen in Egypt, Yemen which later spread to Sudan, Jordan, and Algeria. The protests in Egypt however received international attention, as the country was the most influential, and the most powerful amongst all the Arab nations. On 25th January, thousands of protestors came down on the streets to demonstrate against the authoritative rule, protesting against the President Hosni Mubarak. President Mubarak responded by rearranging his cabinet ministers and appointing Gen. Omar Suleiman as the country’s Vice President, while removing the police department and replacing it with military forces. However, all these changes failed to make any impact on the protestors, and with the military refusing to assist the government, the voices demanding the removal of the President grew louder. At this time, many of the experts labelled this Egyptian revolution as â€Å"a leaderless revolution,† owing to the fact that there were virtually no opposition parties left in Egypt, owing to present regime’s policy of destroying all forms of political opposition, which simply left the banned group, ‘Muslim Brotherhood’ as the only organized party, outside the government. At present the opposing groups are being led by Mohamed ElBaradei (a Nobel laureate), and the Muslim Brotherhood. On 1st February 2011, President Mubarak, pledged to his nation that he would not seek another term in the next elections, would act against the corrupt leaders, and would conduct a free election later this year, however whether his pledges have calmed his citizens, yet remains to be seen. The US President Obama, in a press release had asked for â€Å"an orderly transition† in Egypt that â€Å"must begin now†Ã‚  (Jacob, AJC Perspectives: Upheaval in the Arab World, 2011). US involvement in this regards is imperative, as Egypt was always the greatest, and the most dynamic ally of America, amongst the Arab countries. While US ad ministration did not ask President Mubarak to resign immediately, it nevertheless supported the citizens’ endeavours, and called for democracy in Egypt, and declared that it would not stop the annual average $1.5 billion in aid, to the country. As Egypt and other Middle-East nations are slowly inching towards democracy and freedom, Lebanon, has however has taken a regressive step in the backwards direction, with the rise in power of the terrorist organisation Hezbollah, which has led to a breakdown in the national coalition government leading to a crisis.   From the above discourse, it is clear that at present, sweeping reforms are taking place in the Middle East countries. These changes promise to transform the nations that have been repressed for many years, under the various dictatorial leaderships, leading to severe oppression of the common man, who was not allowed to express his thoughts and opinions, on any matter related to politics or governance. Reflections: A look back into the history of these regions, will show us that the present oppressive state of affairs, as perceived in the Middle East nations is mainly the result of the 1916 Agreement where both Britain and France, post WWI, strove their best to divide amongst themselves the riches of the destroyed Ottoman Empire. Under the treaty, these two colonial powers divided the empire into parts that â€Å"